Eating disorders and body image significantly impact the physical and mental health of FEMALES. This study aimed to compare eating disorders and body image between ATHLETE and non-ATHLETE FEMALES. The research design employed a casual-comparative approach. The statistical population included all female students at Mohaghegh Ardebili University in 2019, with 30 female students from the physical education selected through convenience sampling as the ATHLETE group. Additionally, 30 female students without regular physical activity were chosen as the non-ATHLETE group. Data were collected using the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire-26 and the Self-Body Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS software, Version 22. The results revealed that mean scores of eating disorders in female ATHLETEs were lower than those in non-ATHLETE FEMALES, while the mean scores of body image in ATHLETE FEMALES were higher than in non-ATHLETE FEMALES (P < 0. 05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that exercise can contribute to the reduction of eating disorders and improvement of body image in FEMALES.

The main purpose of the survey is examining the ethical conducts between ATHLETE and non-ATHLETE FEMALES. Among specific objectives, the difference between these two groups in punishment and obedience, instrumental and relatively interpersonal concordance, respect to law and order, social contract, and universal ethical principle variables have been examined. The random sampling method of survey was implied and 60 female ATHLETE students aged 19-30 among member of university teams with at least 5 year - club activities were selected. Also, 60 female non-ATHLETE students aged 19-30 who have had no sports activities were selected. In this survey, these two groups of ATHLETE and non-ATHLETE students were compared. The researcher found no significant differences between these two groups with regard to punishment and obedience, instrumental and relatively interpersonal concordance, respect to social contacts, respect to law and order. But there was a significant difference indicating that non-ATHLETEs have superiority than ATHLETEs to variable of universal ethical principle.

The purpose of this study was to compare the choice reaction time in ATHLETE and non-ATHLETE FEMALES during an incremental exercise in various intensities. Twenty healthy subjects were selected from the students of Guilan University. The first group was the ATHLETE group with 10 subjects (age 22.6±l.07 years, weight 54.6±6.6 kg, height 161.2±3.6 cm) who had at least two years activity in sports such as basketball, handball and volleyball. The second group was the non-ATHLETE group which contained 10 subjects (age 23.3±1.4 years, weight 56.2±9.6kg, height 162±4.2cm) who had no background of regular exercise. Subjects were settled into an incremental exercise in various intensities on treadmill. Before and during the activity in each 30 seconds the researcher implemented two choice reaction time tasks. During the exercise in each stage, the subjects' HR were recorded. The result of t-test and one-way ANOVA showed that choice reaction time was not significantly different in various intensities of exercise (%65, %73, %84, %91, %97 HRmax and exhaustion) also between the two groups there were no significant difference of intensity of exercise in which the best and worst choice reaction time can be gained (P³0.05). Therefore, we concluded that the intensity of incremental exercise has no significant effect on CRT of ATHLETE and non-ATHLETE femals.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the sub-scale of the body image of the ATHLETEs and nonATHLETE menopaused FEMALES.Materials and Methods: The subjects of the research comprise 60 individuals who were between 43-53 years old. The Personal information questionnaire and PSDQ space test used in this study.The PSDQ included the sub-scales of power, indurance, coordination, general health, flexib ility, self-esteem, athletic competence, body appearance and, body activity. The Kolmogrov- Smimov and T test used to data analyses.Results: The results showed that the body image of the ATHLETEs in all of the sub-scales such as power, endurance, coordination, general health, flexibility, self esteem, athletic competence, fat, body appearance, body activity and whole body was significantly better than individuals who were not ATHLETEs.Conclusion: It seems that participation in physical activity programs have a positive effect on menopausal side effects and can Promote the self-steem and Psychological aspecte of body among menopaused women.

The purpose of present study is to investigate the relationship between aerobic power and body composition and few selected anthropometric measurements, among non-athletic female students (17-18 years) in city of Tehran Iran. For this study 80 non-athletic female high-school students in the age range of 17-18 years were selected by clustered random method from 20 region of Tehran. Independent variables in this survey were consisted of body composition measurements (Lean body fat - Lean body weight - percent body fat); and anthropometric measurements (weight-height- BMI-body surface).Dependent variable was aerobic power (VO2 max). At first determined under skin layers of fat among subjects by using caliper, and them was caculeted by computing height, weight and other anthropometric measurements of subjects. Also aerobic power was measured through Astrand step. test. The results showed: 1-A significant inverse relationship was indicated between percent body fat and aerobic power of the subjects (P ≤50.0). 2- A significant inverse relationship was indicated between lean body-fat and aerobic power of the subjects (P≤0.01). 3- The correlation between lean body weight and aerobic power of the subjects was not significant. 4- There was a significant inverse relationship between weight and aerobic power of the subject (P ≤0.01). 5- No significant relationship was indicated between height and aerobic power of the subjects. 6- There was a significant inverse relationship between BMI and aerobic power of the subjects (P ≤0.01). 7. There was a significant inverse relationship between body surface and aerobic power of the subjects (P ≤0.01). Therefore it can be concluded that even though in the present study no relationship existed between height, and lean body weight with aerobic power, however, the inverse relationship between aerobic power and the following variables. 1. percent body fat, 2. Body weight, 3. Lean body fat, and 4. BMI, is very important. Therefore these results agree with the conclusion that in order to improve the aerobic power, it is necessary that weight-control programs be administered at the time of performance of endurance and cardio-respiratory trainings.      

Background and Aim: Most of the research on hyperlordosis has investigated alignment, but due to the integrity of the skeletal-muscular-neurological system and chain reactions, dysfunction of any joint or muscle is reflected as the impairment both in the function of other joints or muscles and in the quality of function of those parts. Therefore, in hyperlordotic people, any change in lumbo-pelvic region may be accompanied not only by change in the function of this region, but also with change in the function of structures below and above the lumbo-pelvic region. The aim of the present study was to compare the function of lower extremity in non-ATHLETE FEMALES exhibiting lumbar hyperlordosis and those of individuals without lumbar hyperlordosis. Both groups had no visible mal-alignment in the alignment of their lower extremity. Materials and Methods: In the current study, 60 female students, aged 18 to 24, living at Tehran University dormitory, were selected using purposeful sampling. A total of 30 individuals had a lumbar curvature angle greater than or equal to 58. 92 degree and 30 had no hyperlordosis. In a precise measurement of the spine, the participants were investigated for any visible mal-alignment of the lower extremity. Those who were dubious about having other types of mal-alignment were excluded from the study. Lower extremity functional tests were implemented on both groups (with and without hyperlordosis). The tests included: Y, vertical jump, triple hop for distance, six-meter timed hop, and balance error scoring system. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (independent T-test) in both groups. Results: The results indicated that in Y test (p= 0. 001), vertical jump (p= 0. 007), triple hop for distance (p=0. 001), six-meter timed hop (p= 0. 002), and balance error scoring system (p= 0. 001) there were significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: According to the results, it could be concluded that hyperlordosis has negative effects on the function of lower extremity and it could cause a decrease in lower extremity function.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different rhythms of music on some central and peripheral fatigue indices in non-ATHLETE young FEMALES. For this purpose, 38 healthy female students were randomly divided into three groups: fast music group or EXP1 (N=13, M±SD age: 22±2 years), slow music group or EXP2 (N=13, M±SD age: 23±2 years) and control group (N=12, M±SD age: 23±2 years). At first, pretest was performed under the same condition as the training condition; then, training program was performed for six weeks, two sessions per week and finally posttest was performed. The training program included pedaling on an ergometer until exhaustion. The experimental groups listened to music by headphones while training; control group received no musical intervention. Results of finger tapping test showed no noticeable difference in peripheral fatigue between experimental groups and control group. The results of chart for continual naming of colors test confirmed the central fatigue in control group compared with fast and slow music groups. Data analysis by one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in fatigue indices among the three groups in the pretest (P>0.05). But in the posttest, workload of exhaustion (p=0.022) among groups was significant. Tukey post hoc test showed a significant difference in all variables between experimental groups and control group (P<0.05) while this difference was not significant between experimental groups (P>0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that music together with training delays central and peripheral fatigue and finally improves sport performance.

Background and objectives: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. It is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of bone metabolic markers including parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, and phosphorus between female basketball players and non-ATHLETE FEMALES. Methods: Twelve female professional basketball players (aged 20-35 years) of the Super League of Golestan Province (Iran) were enrolled as the experimental group. Fifteen age-matched non-ATHLETE FEMALES were also selected as the control group. Plasma levels of PTH, ALP, calcium, and phosphorus were compared between the study groups. Results: The levels of PTH (p=0. 004) and ALP (p=0. 001) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. The levels of calcium and phosphorus did not differ significantly between the study groups (p>0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it could be stated that performing weight-bearing sports activities such as basketball can improve the density of bone minerals and the factors stimulating bone formation.

Background & aim: Increase of metabolism and production of free radicals during physical activity may lead to several diseases by creating the oxidative stress in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative stress index and total antioxidant capacity among athletic and non athletic FEMALES.Methods: Subjects of this descriptive-analytical study were 15 healthy female ATHLETEs playing handball who regularly had at least 3 training sessions per week, from 6 months before the study, and 15 healthy non athelete FEMALES who in the same period had not participated in regular physical activities. The subjects were of 18-25 years of age. Levels of oxidative stress index were determined by malondialdehyde (MDA) method. The FRAP (Ferric Reducing antioxidant power) method was used to determine the levels of serum total antioxidant capacity. Statistical analyisis of data was performed in both descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were analyzed by using t-test at P£0.05.Results: The results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) oxidative stress index of handball's athletic girls is significantly (P<0.01) lower than the non ATHLETEs and total antioxidant capacity of the ATHLETEs is higher than non ATHLETEs, despite the fact that this difference was not significant.Conclusion: The results indicated that continuous and regular exercise can reduce oxidative stress and provide a more healthy life for the female ATHLETEs.