Saghi-Nameh(tapster poems) is an important subjects in Persian literature. Saghi-Nameh is a kind of poetry in which the poet describes his/her ideas about life specially, human being, by using wine terms and addressing to the tapster (Saghi). Nezami Ganjavi is the first who composed an absolute Saghi-Nameh. Nezami has expressed his ideology about life and world, specially, Carpe Diem, by the means of addressing to the tapster, requesting from, and complaining to him/her. In this survey which is a library-analytical research, we will try to discuss quantitative and qualitative properties of addressing, requesting and complaining in Nezami’ s Saghi-Namehs. Complaint has three different axes in Nezami’ s Saghi-Namehs. In these poems he sometimes complains of the tapster, sometimes of himself/herself and sometimes of the life condition and the people of the time. Also, Nezami is well aware of the usages of different types of addressing, requesting and the intentions to convince his readers.

Saadi is undoubtedly the master of lyric poem in Persian literature. His Melodious and impressive speech in comparison with other poets' sonnets, is related to many cultural, linguistic, expressive, pictorial factors. Although many elegant points concerning his poems have already been investigated by Henri Masse, Gh.Yousefi, A.dashti, M.Ebadiyan, S.Hamidiyan, T. Poornamdariyan, Z.Movahhed etc., there are still many details about the unique techniques in his sonnets which await further research in order to understand the secret of his beautiful speech and extraordinary impulse. In this article, we have addressed ''addressing'' as a determining factor. The determinative appearance of this factor in Saadi's sonnets has a great role in motivational aspect of his poems. Following a quick introduction of addressing, we present the factors that amplify this sense in saadi's sonnets. He has made the addressing factors in his poems by utilizing artistic techniques and making a presence feeling. It is concluded that the most important effect of "presence feeling" and the "addressing factor" is the audience's excitation. Finally, the addressed factors of saadi's speech are analyzed and presented. In this research, we have used the document analysis method and in the last section we present the distribution of data and statistics of the addressed factors.

The global financial landscape has undergone significant transformations over the past decade, particularly in the consumer credit market. However, despite regulatory advancements, legal loopholes persist that jeopardize consumer protection and risk exacerbating the problem of over-indebtedness. This letter seeks to address these concerns by highlighting existing gaps in legislation and proposing strategic reforms to strengthen consumer rights and prevent irresponsible lending practices. To address these challenges, I propose several key reforms: Revision of the Consumer Credit Directive: Enhance the directive to include stricter guidelines on affordability assessments, mandating that lenders conduct thorough background checks that consider a consumer’s long-term financial stability. Standardization of Risk Assessment Procedures: Develop standardized procedures for assessing credit risks that include behavioral and socioeconomic factors to reduce the likelihood of default and over-indebtedness. Enhanced Oversight of Credit Bureaus: Implement stricter regulatory oversight of credit bureaus to ensure that credit scoring systems are transparent and equitable. Cap on Interest Rates and Fees: Introduce caps on interest rates and fees to protect consumers from predatory lending practices and prevent systemic usury. Consumer Education Programs: Increase investment in consumer education programs to ensure that borrowers are fully aware of the terms of credit agreements and the implications of debt. These recommendations aim to fortify the legal framework surrounding consumer credit, ensuring that it not only supports the financial system but also safeguards consumer interests, particularly those of the most vulnerable. By closing these legal loopholes, we can foster a more equitable and responsible credit market.

Purpose-Several models of rural development have been proposed but they have failed to adequately explain why development stagnates in certain regions. To fill this knowledge gap, this qualitative research was conducted. Design/methodology/approach-Based on focus group interviews with farmers and semi-structured interviews with rural managers and experts from two sub-counties in Kherameh, Fars province, the barriers of rural development under drought were investigated. Finding-Various adaptation strategies, such as changing cropping pattern, developing greenhouses and rising mushroom, quail and ostrich, have been applied by farmers in order to reduce the negative impacts of drought and water scarcity. However, different barriers including climate variability, quantitative and qualitative reduction of water resources, unemployment and lack of sustainable job opportunities, limitation of financial resources and investment, inefficiency of institutional supporting policies, limitation of budgets and loans, and uncertainty about future of agriculture have prevented rural areas from development. Practical implications-Continuous monitoring of drought and developing early warning systems, consensus about distribution of common water resources, water conveyance from other regions and considering water subsides, local participation in development planning, encouraging research institutes to focus their research on investigating and producing water resistance crops, improving drought management information through effective extension services and linking urban-based businesses with small-scale crop producers are offered to improve rural development in this drought prone area. Originality/value-Given that a similar study has not been conducted about rural development traps under drought, the findings of this study can be used by rural development planners and practitioners.