This research tries to analyze allometric relations of ‎the physical and physical components of Kerman. For this purpose, the required data including demographic and structural characteristics of the city of Kerman were collected from the documentation of municipal resources and related institutions such as education. After measuring the morphometric characteristics of physical structural features as well as demographic characteristics of the city of Kerman, by regression analysis, the relationship between structural- physical characteristics was studied. Finally, the type of relationship between them was determined. The results of the research indicate that in Kerman, population components grow faster than other dimensions, which means that during the growth of the city, components such as exercise, green space and health-care increases. The results also show that allometric relationships exist among the measured components only between demographic components and sports usage, green space and health services. And the relationship between the other components is not almetric.This means that the lack of proper prioritization in the implementation of development projects on the one hand, as well as the physical imbalance development in Kerman, on the other hand, cause unbalanced growth in the city's urban system, which leads to the lack of formation of appropriate allometric relationships in the physical-physical structure of this city.

Background and objectives: Measurement of tree biomass is considered as an important indicator for valuation of ecological and economical processes. One of the traditional models for estimating trees biomass is allometric models. The purpose of the present study is determining allometric models for assessing biomass of planted Poplar clones in Flahhat garden in Khorramabad, Lorestan. Materials and methods: First, the quantitative features of trees such as height, DBH and crown diameter were measured. Then, The sampling was done via randomized blocks method and a total of 50 trees were felled. A disc from the trunk and the crown of each tree was cut off at a thickness of 5-7cm and simultaneously weighed in the site. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and placed in an oven at 105 ° C for 24 hours. Using the dry weight/ fresh weight ratio, the dry weight of the crown, trunk, and ultimately above-ground woody biomass was calculated. Results: The results of regression models showed that the independent variable of DBH produced better models for dry matter biomass of tree and crown, while in the dry matter biomass of the trunk, the tree height was better. For data validation of each model, the mean square error was obtained. The lowest value for this model was for a second-degree model in terms of the independent variable of diameter at breast height (RMSE%=9/43, R2=0/79). Conclusion: The results showed due to the high amount of a coefficient of determination in the second-order model compared to other models; this model provided an opportunity to determine more suitable allometric relationships for these colonies.

this study was conducted to find allometric relationships between green leaf area and green leaf dry weight, vegetative dry weight and plant height in faba bean. To this, a randomized complete block design as split plot-factorial experiment with four replications was carried out at the research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2010-2011 growing season. inter-row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and factorial of sowing date (15 Nov. and 24 Dec 2011) and cultivar (Barakat and French) were placed in main-and sub-plots as main plots, respectively. Plant samplings were carried out during growing season with 15 days intervals up to end of the effective leaf formation. At each sampling, leaf area, leaf dry weight, above ground vegetative dry weight and plant height were measured. To describe the relationships between leaf area and the above mentioned vegetative characteristics, different equations were evaluated and a power equation (Y=aXb) was choosed due to a better fit to the date, finally. Relationships obtained for faba bean cultivars, inter-row spacings and planting dates were consistent and only the relationship between leaf area and dry weight of vegetative components was affected by planting date. Hence, two separate equations were estimated for each of two sowing dated. Since the relationship between leaf area. Y. and green leaf dry weight, X, (Y=176.7X0.935) has a higher determination coefficient and a smaller root mean square error than the plant height, using it can be proposed in the simulation models and quick estimation of green leat area of faba bean, especially when accurate measuring device for measuring leaf area are not available.

Prediction of the leaf area is essential in crop simulation models. The objective of this study was to find relationships between leaf area index (LAI) and numbers of leaves (NL), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf fresh weight (LFW), number of nodes (NN) and plant height (PH), in Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). For this purpose, an experiment was conducted using three planting dates (20 April, 21 May, 21 June) at the research field of Aburaihan Campus, the University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran, in 2009-2010 cropping season. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Sampling was performed during the whole growing season. In each sampling LA, NL, LDW, LFW, NN and PH, were measured. Various equations were used to describe relationships between LAI and aforementioned characteristics. The best result was obtained a simple ln-transformed linear equation {ln(y)=a+b×ln(x)}. Results showed that significant relationships were found between LAI and LA (R2=90), LAI and NL (R2=90), LAI and NN (R2=90), LAI and LDW (R2=98) and LAI and LFW (R2=98). These equations LAI can be used for estimation in simulation models of Pumpkin as well as for the fast and easy estimation of LAI, especially where there is no LAI-meter available.

Allometric relation in plants describes development and growth variations and relative characteristics of a part of plant in comparison with total or other parts of plant. The objective of this study was to find allometric relations between plant height (cm) with node number in main stem, srem dry weight (g plant-1) and vegetative components dry weight (g plant-1). For this purpose, an experiment with 3 sowing dates (6 Dec. 2003, 20 Jan. 2004 and 21 Mar. 2004) and 4 plant densities (15, 30, 45 and 60 plants m-2)was conducted in the field at Agricultural Science Research Farm of the Gorgan University during 2003-4. Data of plant height stem dry matter weight and vegetative components dry weight was recorded. The power equation (y=axb) as linear changed form, {In(y)=ln (a)+bxln(x) was used to describe the relationship between plant height and the mentioned characteristics. Between plant height with nod number in main stem (y=0.92x1.26, R2=0.92), stem dry weight (y=26.57x0.42, R2=0.92) and vegetative components dry weight (y=18.54x0.46, R2=0.92) was significant relation. So, this relation can use to estimate plant height and or use them in crop simulations models for modeling competition.

The objective of this study was to obtain relationships between plant leaf area (cm2 plan-1) with main stem node number, leaf dry weight (g plant -1), vegetative dry weight (g plant -1) and plant height (cm). An experimental design was conducted in the field at Agricultural Science Research Farm of the Gorgan University. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of three sowing dates and four plant densities. Sowing dates were 6 Dec. 2003, 20 Jan. 2004 and 21 Mar. 2004. Plant densities were 15, 30, 45 and 60 plants m-2, Sampling was carried out to first pod (50% of plants with 0.5 cm pod at one of the 4 upper nodes with unfolded leaf, R3). At each sampling leaf area, main stem node number, leaf dry weight, vegetative dry weight and plant heights were measured. The power equation in linear form {ln(y) = ln (a)+bxln (x)} was used to describe the relationship between leaf area and the mentioned characteristics. This equation was used for all combinations of sowing dates and planting densities. Significant relations were found between leaf area and main stem node number (R2=0.94), leaf dry weight (R2=0.94), vegetative dry weight (R2=0.93) and plant height (R2=0.83). It was concluded that the equations could be used for estimation of leaf area or can be used in crop simulation models of chickpea.

The early morphological development and allometric growth pattern of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) during early development (from 0-35 days post hatch=dph) was studied. Morphological data were obtained using ImageJ software from 2D pictures and allometric growth patterns were computed based on Log10 y= Log10 a+bLog x function. Based on inflexion point of morphological traits and body shape changes, the early developmental of kutum were divided into Eleutheroembryo, Propterygio-larval, Pterygio-larval” and younger juvenile phases, each of which included vital developmental events. Rapid and intense changes occurred during Eleuthero-embryo and Propterygio-larvae stages such as development of gills, depletion of yolk-sac and exogenous feeding, development of feeding apparatus, sense organs and organs related to swimming performance. The results also revealed that developmental changes occurred in agreement with the inflexion points of morphological characters and their developmental priority imply on functional importance of feeding, respiration and swimming related structures.

The geometric shape of a plant and its components depend on the allocation of absorbed nutrients and substances to a growing organ. In turn, the overall outcome is influenced by genetics and local environmental conditions. The relationship between different components of an organ can be shown with the help of allometry. To determine the effects of organic fertilizers on morphological traits and yield of basil, this research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a Completely Randomized Design (RCD) with three replication-s under controlled conditions. Experimental factors were basil ecotypes (green and purple) and organic fertilizers (cow manure, vermicompost, sulfur granular compost, and control). Results indicated that the highest values of plant height, fresh and dry weight of lateral branches, leaf count, leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, and plant biomass were found in green basil when vermicompost was applied. In contrast, the lowest mean values of these parameters were observed in the control. The application of vermicompost, cow manure, and sulfur granular compost caused increases of 30, 29, and 28% in the plant biomass of purple basil. Meanwhile, they caused increases of 61, 49, and 28% in the plant biomass of green basil, respectively. Also, the fitted experimental allometric relationship indicated a significant correlation between average leaf count and average leaf area (r2=0.95). Allometric relationships between root and shoot dry weight also indicated a more symmetric growth of these two parameters in green basil, compared to purple basil. Therefore, the analysis of growth relationships between plant components and production could be evaluated based on morphological components (i.e. leaf count, leaf area, and root dry weight as well as shoot dry weight), and allometric equations.

Background: The concept of allometry states that the relative rate of change of a system unit is a constant fraction of the relative rate of change of the entire system, or of another part of the system. This concept is stated as a nonlinear relationship and has been verified in a variety of natural systems.Materials and Methods: The allometric relations in various phases of basin evolution in forms of static and dynamic models was investigated. In order to study the dynamic allometry, a model consisting of two basins was developed. The evolution stages and the erosion changes caused by artificial rainfall and tectonic movements and also in static form (natural basins) were monitored.Results: The existence of allometric relations in drainage basins that are progressing toward the equilibrium (natural basins and basins affected by erosion) are significant and verifiable. This kind of relations do not exist in tectonic affected basins that were moving away from the equilibrium.Conclusions: Allometric relations in drainage basins can define different states of system such as equilibrium. Moreover, any factor that causes the basin to move away from equilibrium needs to have an initial effect on basin relations to cause disorder in the system, and this change, in many cases, can be formulated or demonstrated by allometric model. Therefore the allometric equations could be considered an important tool in predicting the evolution of drainage basins and assessing their performance in the past and present.

This research was conducted in Yazd-Ardakan plain to determine biomass of Saxaul shrubs. Twenty shrubs were selected randomly for cutting down. Standing attributes include diameter at root collar (DRC), height, stems number and crown diameters were measured. Stem and leaves were separated and weighted and some samples were taken to determine dry/wet weight ratio. Above-ground biomass of the shrubs was calculated according to dry/wet weight ratio. Linear regression analysis was conducted for predicting biomass of the shrubs. Results indicated that there was strong correlation between above-ground biomass and diameter at root collar. The best models were detected for trunk dry weight-DRC (R =0. 84) and branch dry weight-crown area (R 2 =0. 82), Above-ground biomass-DRC (R 2 =0. 75). Models based on crown diameter and height were significant and could predict 60 to 70 presents of variations in biomass. Finally, it can be concluded that diameter at root collar is the best predictor of biomass in saxaul plantations. Also age-specific equations provide better predictions of biomass with lower error, provided that sample size is sufficient.