Unauthorized transaction is lagally defined as a transaction the subject of which is others’ property. The legislator may consider some of them as voided (625. c. c) while others are regarded impervasive yet capable of pervasive(247c. c)and the rest are regarded as being correct but ineffective concerning the goods of third person– 223. 231c. c. in a correct sale contract(with the goods belonging to a third person)the ownership of seller is not condition in civil Code. however, the commitment of principal unauthorized seller(183. c. c. ) is to obtain the consent of the owner. The violation of the above-mentioned commitment leads to a daarak in correct sale contract (a halt in vesting possessory of the goods to customer as the good is belonging to a third person)this is a loss of customer for not taking possession of the sold goods yet. accordingly the Daarak is not defendable. The violated commitment must be fulfilled, that is: The consent of owner is obtained. (390. c. c. ) concept of Daarak is not defined. it seems that Daarak as defined above is created in a correct ineffective kind capaple of giving possession of the goods, not any other genre of unauthorized transactions. The refusal of owner makes the contract vitiated as a non-tetrogression process.

Customary Criminal Code (1916) is the first substantial Code in Iranian criminal law. This Code is ratified about 38 years after Counte Code (1879). Its importance is that it makes the substructures of its post criminal Codes. This Code is very important due to new division of crimes, penalties and explanations of Counte Code which was unprecedented. These regulations show Iranian criminal law developments and Iranian legal social culture in 100 years ago. Many of current criminal law organizations go back to even pre-constitutional period. Recognition of the typology of crime and punishment in customary penal Code is of great importance. So that, this law has many effects in criminalization, the new division of crimes, determination of various penalties, especially imprisonment, identification of different institutions and principles predictions such as the principle of legality of crimes and punishments on the penal Codes after itself (from 1304 to 1392). The crimes divided into three groups of crimes against persons, property and security the first time was done by this law and the sentence of imprisonment organized and widespread in this way entered into Iran Criminal Law System. In the present article explain the penological Analysis of Customary Penal Code and the statement of the penals system of this law and penological evaluation based on the functions of punishment.

Benyamin Netanyahu with more than fifteen years of experience as prime minister has been a major role in shaping the Israeli foreign policy. Knowledge about his central beliefs and cognitive approaches can play an important role in understanding Israeli foreign policy. The question is, what cognitive approach does Netanyahu have in foreign policy? Have these cognitive approaches been constant or changed over time? The aim is to explore Netanyahu's central beliefs as one of the main factors influencing Israeli foreign policy. In this regard, Netanyahu's verbal materials in foreign policy were examined between 2009 and 2019, using the conceptual framework of operational Code Analysis and the “verbs in context system” method in comparing to a norming group average of world leaders. The results of the quantitative Analysis of Netanyahu’s speeches by Profiler Plus software show that there is a significant difference between Netanyahu's philosophical and instrumental beliefs in the second & third terms (2009-2015) on the one hand, and his beliefs in the fourth term (2015-2019), on the other hand. In the first round, Netanyahu saw the nature of the political universe in harmony with Israel's interests. Moreover, he realized political values in adopting a cooperative strategy, and the usefulness of utilizing cooperative tools with regards to other actors. In the second round, he considered the nature of the political universe in conflict with Israel's interests, realizing values in pursuing a limited cooperative strategy, and the usefulness of employing cooperative and conflictual tools versus other political actors.

The study attempts to enquire into reasons leading to changes in India’s geopolitical Code, from nonaligned approach to one of hegemonic and domination, not only at the regional level, but also at the global level. With the world becoming multi-polar, the non-aligned Code of the Nehruvian legacy became redundant. India has emerged as one of the poles. Consistent threats and pressures from the smaller and larger neighbours have necessarily compelled India to re-shape her geopolitical Code to one of ‘restraint’ hostility. And this, probably, made India an acknowledged power, from a regional power to a ‘weltmacht.

Globalization of law is an incontestable reality. It is a major concern, which can be justified not only from structural, conceptual and legal values perspectives, but also in terms of the legislative patterning realm. Laws of Islamic Nations cannot remain unaffected from this reality. The basis of viable regulation and legal conceptions in European systems, and generally in the West, has a humane rationality nature. Thus, from substantive perspective, globalization can be considered to be a kind of threat to laws of Islamic Nations, since in Islamic law, humane rationality is not the sole basis for the credibility of legal values, conceptions and structures. Here, it is assumed that globalization can be viewed as an opportunity, and the adoption of Unified Islamic Civil Code by following European Civil Code pattern may be regarded as an example of this opportunity. Nevertheless, the establishment of European Civil Code and an Islamic Civil Code encounters many challenges. By analysing these challenges, this article aims to present some solutions.