In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. Here, the criterion and source of information processing is the origin of the word Marivan with different titles in historical texts. Accordingly, the beginning of the chronicle of the city of Marivan in this study dates back to the Mongol era and continues almost until the beginning of the Pahlavi period. Existing sources and reports indicate that the political appearance of the city of Marivan, with this title, in historical sources is synonymous with the rise to power and chronology of the Ardalan family in the seventh century AH. Since then, one can trace Mariwan in the process of border developments between the two empires of Iran and the Ottoman Empire, as well as in the rivalry between the Kurdish ruling families of Ardalan (around Mariwan and later in Sanandaj) and Baban (in Sulaimaniyah). Thus, in the present study, the political destiny of the city of Marivan from the Mongol period to the Pahlavi period has been mentioned based on historical sources and library methods. .

Because of the geographical and geopolitical position of Ardalan state, it has experienced much fallings and downs by the Safavid and Ottoman competition. So that the realm of this state gradually reduced. The present study aims to describe and analyze the transition process of the Ardalan state in the Safavid era and considers the Safavid and Ottoman viewpoints and politics on that. In addition, it aims to answer two questions: why did the state turn as a conflict area for those governments? What was the role of this state and its governors against aforementioned powers? The present study aims to examine this hypothesis: Geographical and geopolitics position of Ardalan realm had dramatically increased the strategic importance of that in the ideological and political competition between the Ottoman and Safavid. The rulers of this state were prudent and also tried to tends to one of the powers for maintaining their situation and independence as much as possible.

Examining the relations between tribes and tribes is one of the important topics of Iranian history. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the hostile relations with the Ottoman government. In this article, the activism of two Kurdish clans of this region, namely Ardalan and Zanganeh, has been analyzed analytically in regional, national and inter-territorial developments. What are the main components of their internal relations (with each other) and external relations (with the central government of Iran and the Ottoman Empire) and what has been the impact of these relations on regional developments? In this research, it is descriptive-analytical and by referring to the main sources, especially local Kurdish and Persian sources, focusing on the research question, extracting historical data, and after measuring and evaluating the content, it is set with an analytical approach. The results of the research show that during the Safavid era, the mentioned clans, especially the Ardalan clan, which had the sovereignty of the Kurdistan states, were among the political and military activists in the west of the country and gained great importance. In this period, on the one hand, with the type of relations they established with the Safavid government and on the other hand, due to the constant conflicts they had with each other, they created the ground for the emergence of annexation unrest in the states of Kurdistan and Kermanshahs, which sometimes attacked the central government as well. had faced challenges. At the end of the Safavid government, the internal weakness of the Ardalan clan and the forced dispersion of people from the Zanganeh clan in different regions of Iran by the order of the Safavid kings, gradually led them to avoid conflict and desire to interact with each other.

Introduction: Comparative literature is one of the masterpieces of literary criticism that measures the works, elements, styles, periods, movements and literary figures, and in general, compares literature in its general sense in two or more different cultures and languages. Writing love poems and the desire to write lyrical poetry is the result of love for the beloved in the presence of the lover and mixing it with his poetic imagination. If we want to recognize the history of the ghazal in the pre-Islamic periods, we can say: "The history of singing and singing ghazal goes back to ancient cultures, , In Aryan cultures, we find signs of eloquent speakers, among which we can mention the charming and charming stories of "Orpheus", who was the poet of Rameshgar. . . or also in Greek ritual legends we find songs that the monks and followers of Bacchus sang in their self-defeats, These songs, which are inspired by Greek tragedies, are called "dithyrambs". . There is no doubt about it, that Arab ghazal is a continuation of one of the live and dynamic types of self-stirring poems and the romantic adaptations of camels. it is not in hand, On the other hand, it is not clear as a result of what factor and when and where the sonnet was created from the first to the seventh century AD and it was placed at the beginning of ode writing. But this point is clear that the ghazal was not an independent art in its original form, and it became an independent art from the Umayyad era, and after that there were poets who only dealt with the ghazal. Writing lyrical poems and romantic poems has been widespread not only in Persian and Arabic literature, but also in the literature of other nations of the world. Since Soad Sabah and Mastoureh Ardalan have a similar place in the culture of Kuwait and Iran, a comparative study of lyrical poetry of these two poets In order to get to know them more, it can be a new discussion in the field of comparative literature. Methodology: Examining Ghazal as a dynamic poem in the poems of Soad Sabah and Mastoreh Ardalan is of great importance,Because this type of poetry plays a key role in the divans of these two women poets and contemporary writers. This research aims to analyze the lyrical poetry of Soad Sabah and Mastoureh Ardalan in a descriptive-analytical way and based on the American school, which does not consider the existence of influence and effectiveness between two poets as a condition of comparative literature. To compare the views of two poets in this context and to reach an approach of the two poets' way of thinking and consumption of ghazal. Results and Discussion: The results of this research show that: The lyrical poetry of Soad Sabah and Mastoureh Ardalan represents their literary and expressive style, and both poets have paid attention to the use of language tools and subtleties to express their romantic thoughts and feelings, and have tried to use them in different situations by selecting and Instead of using words, the arrangement should synchronize the audience with their opinion and feeling of happiness or sadness And that the concept of (love) is a prominent characteristic of the lyrical poetry of two talented poets of Persian and Arabic literature, namely Mastoreh Ardalan and Soad Sabah. Among the common characteristics and descriptions of love in the poems of Soad Sabah and Mastorah Ardalan, we can mention the connection, the abandonment and distance of the beloved, the virtues of love, the use of elegies, etc. In terms of language, two poets tend to be simple and eloquent,As they speak, they say poetry and they don't overdo it in the field of verbal and spiritual enhancements, and you can also see coherence in words and meaning, deep emotion and feeling in most of these poems, fluency, accuracy and catchiness in it. He named two poets as the general style of lyrical poetry. In the field of love, two poets have differences in terms of structure and content,For example, in terms of the quantity of Sanandji's romances, he is not equal to Soad Sabah. 5. In the content of Mastorah poems, there is a kind of religious and moral commitment in all of them, the use of religious characters in poetry, mystical prayers and supplications, praise of the Prophet (pbuh) and the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). ), pride in hijab, chastity and practical commitment to it, etc., are all clear signs of his high Islamic spirit and religious approach, while such poems with such themes are not found in Soad Sabah's poems. Conclusion: The current research, while getting to know these two contemporary Arabic and Persian poets, tried to find examples and common features by analyzing the lyrical texts and comparing them. Considering the results obtained in the lyrical poetry of the two poets, we can point to common points such as (manifestation of the beloved, common characteristics of the lover and the beloved, desertion and distance, the virtues of love and affection, the use of elegies, etc. ) did And also in terms of expression, the two poets tend to be simple and eloquent. It should be noted that the romances of the two poets have differences in terms of content, language and style, which have been examined in detail in the main text of the article.

Kurdistan as one of the Old Iranian states was the residing center of a branch of Iranian tribes; these people as Kurds called this state Kurdistan and contributed to the evolution of the history of Iran. Kurdistan gradually witnessed the establishment of a local-native dynasty called Bani Ardalan. Coinciding with Safavid rule and their climax during king Abbas the first era the Ardalan dynasty, became one of the four powerful authorized governances of Safavid era. They maintained their power from the beginning of Qajar government until the Nasery era. The attempt is made here to analyze the internal establishments and the political infrastructure formation of this local-native power, through a study of Ardalan’s Kurdistan and Bani Ardalan clan internal-native sources. In addition to study the political, financial and administrative, organizations, divisions and functions of this governance and their internal power structure in connection with Qajar central government.

Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water in the country. Therefore, offering comprehensive methods of water resources management and planning the right policies in order to increase water productivity in this sector seems to be necessary. For this purpose, in the present study an economic modeling inclusive of Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) and the approach of Maximum Entropy (ME) to assess the impacts of irrigation water pricing policy on the management of water demand in Ardalan plain was used. The required data are related to the agronomical year 2013. The results showed that absolute value of demand price elasticity for alfalfa and tomatoes that have a higher water requirement is more than other selected products and farmers' demand for water in the production of these products is more elasticity. In addition, the results showed that increasing the price of irrigation water (under scenarios of 200 to 1000 rials compared to the condition of base year) leads to the reduction of the area of irrigated wheat, alfalfa, tomato and sunflower and increase in the area of irrigated barley and watermelon in the cropping pattern of the region. Also, applying this policy leads to the reduction of consumption water in the cropping pattern from 2.04 to 7.83 percent and the reduction of farmers' gross profit from 1.96 to 7.65 percent in Ardalan plain. Finally, applying the irrigation water pricing policy and using the cropping pattern change strategy along with it was recommended to reduce the demand of irrigation water and sustainability of water resources in Ardalan plain.

Mastooreh Ardalan and Ayesheh Teimoor are contemporary poets and authors lived in the same period in Iran and Egypt. In spite of the fact that the complications of their time limited women's activity in literary and scientific fields, they found their ways to the Persian and Arabic poetic circle, and they composed the most delicate and stunning poems. Both poets were born from Kurd descendants provided their common concepts in religion. Obligation to Islamic creed and morality are common motifs in their poems. They both emphasize on Islamic cover (Hejab) for women and strongly believe in its dignity. Also, they both have allusions to characters from holy Quran in their poems. Mastooreh has continuously praised Islam's prophet's intimate family members in his poems. Similarly, mystical prays and using Quran lexicons are other association between these two poets. Using library and critical research, this paper aims at comparative study of common religious motifs in poems of these two less recognized poets.

In the political history of BaniArsalan's Government in Kurdistan, many families were influential in the power structure. According to local sources, some dynasties were so influential that the governor of Ardalan became a puppet after a while and acted as their representative in the government. From 1779 to 1803, the house of Vakils was the most powerful Kurdish family in the region, and they had an increasingly significant control over the political power as well as the social and economic structures in Kurdistan. This led to the weakening of the Ardalan’ s power. However, the influence of Vakils came to an end during the reign of Amanollah Khan the Great. In a descriptive-analytical manner, and by means of library sources, the present study deals with the relations between the Vakil and the Ardalan houses during the reign of Amanollah Khan the Great, and it focuses on the causes of tense relations between these two. Findings show that the aspirations of the Vakils to have more power and more influence led to a clash of interest between the two houses, and that the differences between them led to the weakening of the Vakils in a way that they lost ground in the power machinery of Amanollah Khan Ardalan.

For centuries and millennia, those in power used political marriage as a means to achieve their goals. The most important functions of political marriage were to end wars and conflicts, seal an agreement or alliance between two political forces, establish succession among dynasties, take advantage of military capabilities of the parties to preserve their interests, etc. The Ardalan Dynasty, in the western regions of Iran, repeatedly used this strategy to pursue its goals, culminating in the thirteenth lunar century. In that century, the rulers of Ardalan entered a marriage contract with the powerful Qajar Dynasty as well as the local Vaziri Dynasty. The present article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method on the effects of political marriages on the development of Ardalan history in the mentioned time period. It seems that the political marriage strategy worked ambiguously for the Ardalan family. Thus, in the short term, it provided the desired interests of this family at various levels, but in the long run became one of the most important factors in the annihilation and eventual collapse of this government in Kurdistan.

In this study the biotic and abiotic characteristics of Ardalan dam reservoir was studied from 2011 to 2012. Diatoms, Bacillariophyta, was the main phylum of phytoplankton in Ardalan dam reservoir that was dominant in the most seasons and green algae, Chlorophyta, was the second dominance groups. Survey of zooplanktons showed there were 25 genus from 6 phylum, and Rotatoria constitute 64% of the zooplanktons in. The average phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance during this study were about 19. 15×106 and 1863 per liter of lake water respectively. Survey of benthic communities showed that Chironomidae and Tubificidae were the main benthic groups in Ardalan dam. Average of benthic biomass during this survey was 0. 9 gr/m2 which is very poor. Sediments in Ardalan dam was mostly of silt and clay. Fish structure survey by gill nets in Ardalan dam showed that common carp and silver carp, by %53 and %45 respectively were the main economical species in the dam. Hydro chemical survey showed that total phosphorus and total nitrogen were 0. 073 and 0. 779 mg/L respectively. The amount of chlorophyll a was 6. 03 mg/m3. The range `of dissolved oxygen was 6. 4-10. 5 mg/L. Average of EC was 576 μ s/cm. Since the water temperature just in august month was more than 20º C, the appropriate period for warm water fish culture in this reservoir is limited.