In our previous study, we compared the two a-amylase enzymes from Bacillus sp.KR8104, BKAD(N44) and BKAD(N44C193) which is the secreted form of it. The results indicated that the presence of 193 amino acids propeptide in the C-terminal of BKAD(N44) changed its enzymatic parameters like an uncompetitive inhibitor in comparison to BKAD(N44C193). In the present study, we cloned the DNA sequence of BKAD(N44) which codes the 193 amino acids propeptide in its C-terminal and the effect of this fragment as an inhibitor on BKAD(N44C193) was investigated. We also studied the possible foldase activity of the propeptide in BKAD(N44C193). Protease sensitivity of C-terminal 193 amino acid propeptide, BKAD(N44) and BKAD(N44C193) was compared in order to explain why BKAD(N44C193) is the only secreted form of a-amylase in the culture medium of Bacillus sp.KR8104. Circular dichroism indicated that the secondary structure of the C-terminal is mostly beta sheeted. At the end we proposed a possible regulatory role for the C-terminal propeptide of BKA.

Bier block anesthesia is an intravenous regional anesthesia technique in which an extremity is made numb for surgery by injecting a local anesthetic solution into a vein after the blood has been squeezed out of the extremity and a tourniquet has been placed on it. The tourniquet prevents the local anesthetic from leaving the extremity and blood from entering it, giving the patient a numb (anesthetic) extremity and the surgeon a bloodless field to work in. The technique is named for August Bier.The advantages of the technique is that it is simple to perform, and provides a bloodless field that is easy to work in and minimizes blood loss. The disadvantages are that there is a practical time limit on its use of about 1 hour due to tolerance of the awake patient for the pain of the tourniquet and 2 hours due to the maximum time blood flow can be restricted to the extremity without anoxic tissue damage.In this case we performed bier block in a high risk diabetic patient for below knee amputation. We added mg sulfate as an adjuvant drug in order to improve block quality and to prolong patient analgesia.

Estimation of plant dry matter to management of rangelands with high accuracy is important for managers. This research aims to compare Plant Dry Matter Productivity (PDMP) values estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from satellite images of BKA and KVA according to different levels of satellite image processing for AL-Sweeda Badia (Syria) during April and July in 2015 and October 2014.NDVI was calculated according to Digital Number values (DN); then, Top of Atmosphere values (TOA), and Ground Surface (GS) values after Atmospheric Correction (AC) were computed from L8 satellite images simultaneously with field measurements. A relationship between two time-dependent satellite images was created. Then, the derived relationships were adopted by L8 (PDMP) relationship estimation. Matter productivity average values according to TOA and GS were 15-42, 969-214, 3254-22 and 576-563 kg/h for the previous dates, respectively. There was a weak non-significant correlation between DN values and Matter productivity (≤0.063). And for TOA level, the relationship was relatively weak but significant (≤0.5). After atmospheric correction, it was strong (≥0.7) and significant at 1% and 5% levels and field verification measurements were consistent with 2014. A relationship between NDVI and PDMP for each previous value was determined according to NDVI values of modern images. Previous relationships were applied to estimate PDMP; then, objective maps were produced. DN satellite images as well as TOA values but at lower rate contained geometrical distortions resulting from terrain, climate, velocity changes, and sensor height and radiation refraction in atmosphere.Using GS after AC was good in rangelands for predicting and estimating PDMP.

CNS applies Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APA) strategy to reject or minimize perturbation during different voluntary movements. The postural control mechanisms associated with voluntary arm movement (rapid arm rising) in below knee amputees (BKA) was investigated and the results were compared with the normal subjects. Biomechanical variables including ground reaction forces and displacements of the center of pressure were used to investigate the APA in BKA. Six below knee amputees and six control subjects stood on a force plate under three conditions: 1. with both feet on the platform, 2. with right foot (prosthetic foot) and 3. with left foot on the plate. For each condition, the task was repeated 10 times. At the same time, a camera recorded the task performance. The recorded data were used to determine the start moment of the movement. The instant at which, for the first time before starting the movement, any one of the recorded biomechanical variables deviated from its initial value was considered as the beginning of the APA. To increase the validity of the test, efforts were made to match the subjects with regards to their age, gender, cause of amputation and prosthesis types. Our results indicated that the center of pressure in the BKA participants showed greater displacements in medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. It was also observed that the vertical components of the ground reaction forces, when the right foot was on the plate, were increased. There were no significant differences in other biomechanical variables between the two groups. We may conclude that the voluntary arm movement perturbs the posture in the BKA participants more than in the control group. The BKA participants shifted their weight to the intact limb by the anticipation of the disturbance to avoid balance loosing. Therefore, in our study the intact limb in below knee amputee subjects played an important role in the balance control. Based on our results, we suggest considering the role of the intact limb in the rehabilitation programs and strengthening the muscles of both limbs as a major part of theses programs.

Background: Infections include soft tissue infections are notable reason for hospital admission among IDUs, owing to unsterile injection techniques and equipment, contamination of drugs with organisms, and poor hygiene. In present case report a patient with profound limb infection is introduced.Case: A 32 years old man was transferred to the emergency department. He was IDU with Iranian<crack>for 3 years. Gangrenous deformity of left lower extremity below the knee was seen. Live maggots were moving around the limb freely. The patient underwent before knee amputation (BKA) to remove the infected tissues of the limb.Conclusion: In order to evaluate and treat the serious infectious disease problems, drug abuse treatment programs will need to develop appropriate procedures. It is important that physicians, nurses, and other health care providers become better educated about drug abuse. Workers in drug abuse treatment should be well informed about infectious diseases and other complications of drug abuse.