In this paper two different methods are presented to approximate the solution of the fractional Black-Scholes equation for valuation of barrier option. Also, the two schemes need less computational work in comparison with the traditional methods. In this work, we propose a new generalization of the two-dimensional differential transform method and decomposition method that will extend the application of this methods for pricing barrier options of fractional version of the Black-Scholes model. Undoubtedly this model is the most well known model for pricing financial derivatives. This methods finds the analytical solution without any discretization or additive assumption. the approximate analytic solution is calculated in the form of convergent series with easily computable components, to solve the fractional Black-Scholes ‎equation.

Chemical and biological treatment of dye-containing effluents is difficult due to the low adsorption level and chemical stability of dyes. Activated carbon is usually used for adsorption of these materials, but because of high prices and recovery problems, researchers are investigating to find available low-cost materials with high adsorption. In this study, bagasse was used for adsorption of Remzol Black B dye and its capability was examined. Variables were concentration, temperature, pH and contact time, and the degree of adsorption was examined in different situations. Then, adsorption isotherm according to Langmuir and Freundlich models were developed. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency depends on pH of solution and to a lower degree on temperature of the solution. Maximum adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse occurred in the first 15 minutes of contact. The study of adsorption isotherm showed that both models are suitable for description of adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse. Maximum adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse was calculated as 7. 51 mg/g. Results of this study showed that bagasse could be used as a low-cost bio adsorbent for the adsorption of Remzol Black B from aqueous solution.

Blackleg disease of rapeseed, which is caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma lingam), is considered as one of the destructive diseases of crucifera family and has resulted in total yield loss in some locations. It appears as an endemic disease in many areas of the world, especially in rapeseed fields. In this study, the response of six winter cultivars of rapeseed to the two isolates of the fungus (Aliabad and Bandar Torkman) was evaluated. Plants were inoculated in different growth stages: cotyledon, and stages, 2.3-2.4, 2.1, and 3.2, using spore suspension under 23±1°C on the basis of established procedures for a successful infection. Inoculated plants were kept under plastic covers for 48 hours in order to provide a 100% relative humidity. After inoculation period, disease severity was assessed in cotyledon stage by the method of William and Delwich, in stage 3.2 by McNabb and Rimmer, and in stage 5 on the basis of Newman and Bailey, and also Mc Nabb and Rimmer. It was revealed that responses of Okapi and SLM046 to disease were homogenous in all stages. Okapi was recognized more susceptible and SLM046 more resistant than other cultivars under study. Talaych, Regent × Cobra, Fomax and Ceres which showed different reaction during different stages of inoculation, indicated the heterogenicity of response to blackleg disease in these cultivars.          

In this study the potential of canola stalks to ramove of reactive Remazol Black B from artificial aqueous solution were studied. Adsorption isotherm study using various concentrations showed that the Remazol Black B absorption was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, but Langmuir model with a higher correlation coefficient was better fitted than Freundlich model. Using Langmuir model, the highest adsorption capacity was found 32.8 mg/g. Kinetic study showed that the adsorption of RBB of canola stalks obeyed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of canola stalks was higher than that obtained for other lignocelluloses raw materials, and it could be applied as a cost-effective absorbent for treatment of wastewater containing of Remazol Black B.

Black mulberry is considered one of the most valuable fruits in complementary medicine, with its fruit, leaves, bark, and roots offering significant benefits in the food industry, cosmetics, and especially in the treatment of various diseases. In traditional medicine, black mulberry and its products have been used to treat pharyngitis, enlarged tonsils, sore throat, oral rashes, and swelling of the tongue. The purpose of this study is to review the therapeutic effects of black mulberry in both complementary medicine and modern research. This study is a review. In this review, traditional Iranian medical texts such as Makhzan Al-Aavieh, Qanun fi Tab, Alshamel, Zakhire Kharazmashahi, Riyaz Al-Adavieh, and pharmacopoeias like Qarabadin Kabir and Qarabadin Halali, along with other traditional medicine books like Summary of Al-Hakamh, Tab Akbari, and Elixir Azam, were examined regarding the habitat, appearance, actions, and therapeutic properties of black mulberry in traditional medicine. Important and effective formulations containing black mulberry were extracted from these pharmacopoeias. To explore recent studies related to the therapeutic effects of black mulberry, relevant articles were searched using Persian and English keywords in domestic and international databases from 2000 to October 2023. Keywords such as "black mulberry," "Morus nigra," "Shahtoot," "Toot siah," "traditional medicine," and "complementary medicine" were used to search databases like SID, Magiran, Irandoc, PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, and Google Scholar, and both Persian and English articles were reviewed. According to traditional Iranian medicine texts, black mulberry is used to treat mouth ulcers, rashes, plague, and swelling and inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue. It is also used to strengthen joints, lower blood pressure, treat fever, protect against liver damage, and aid urination. Furthermore, black mulberry paste is recommended for improving nocturnal snoring and dyspnea in children. In Chinese medicine, black mulberry and its various parts have been used to improve symptoms of type 2 diabetes, obesity, lipid disorders, and antimicrobial conditions. Black mulberry is a rich source of polyphenols, including anthocyanins. It has been shown to have one of the highest antioxidant capacities among fruits. In patients with type 2 diabetes, black mulberry products have been found to reduce symptoms such as frequent urination and polyphagia, as well as alleviate neurological complications. Other benefits include increasing HDL levels, reducing LDL, lowering hemoglobin A1C, and decreasing triglycerides. The findings suggest a strong concordance between traditional medicine sources and modern scientific research. Therefore, by examining historical texts and incorporating new scientific discoveries, medicinal products from black mulberry could be developed for the treatment of various diseases.

Pleural effusions are common in clinical practice. In general, the diagnostic approach starts with thoracentesis. Serous (yellow) and blood tinged (reddish) pleural effusions are the most common types of pleural fluid at thoracentesis. Black colored pleural effusions are an extremely rare entity and knowledge regarding this entity is limited to case reports. A thorough systemic search on PubMed database was done looking at all reported cases of black pleural effusion. Broadly, dividing black pleural effusion based on etiology, the causes are as follows: (1) infectious – especially fungal – Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, (2) malignancy ‑ metastatic melanoma and primary lung cancers, (3) pancreaticopleural fistula, and (4) miscellaneous causes‑ including crack cocaine use, rheumatoid pleurisy, and charcoal containing empyema. Treatment of these effusions involves treatment of the underlying cause. Black pleural effusions are very rare entities with a limited differential, which the treating clinician should consider when encountered in clinical practice.

Synthetic dyes are among the substances that pollute the ecosystems such as the soil, surface water, and underground water, and affect living organisms when industrial effluents are released in the environment. The most common synthetic dyes are Azo dyes, among which are the reactive dyes that can cause a lot of problems due to their high solubility in water and low degradability.In this study, one gram negative bacilli (Shewanella putrefaciens) with a high capacity in decolorization of azoic dyes, especially reactive black 5, is isolated from among 15 microbial strains in Tehran textile effluents.The results of the study showed that, in the presence of external energy and carbon source, this strain could decolorize the dye in a shorter period of time. An 18-20h pure culture of Shewanella putrefaciens decolorized more than 80% of the dye during 12 hours under aerobic conditions in broth and the figure reached 100% after 24 hours. Decolorization in Saline Basal Medium during 48 h was 85%, when the dye was regarded as the sole source of carbon and energy. The conditions for the gram negative bacilli (Shewanella putrefaciens) that had the best effect on decolorization were as follows: a temperature of 30°C, the pH of 6-6.5, 150 rpm shaker speed, and 200 ppm (mg/l) concentration of dye. Decolorization took place better in the presence of yeast extract as nitrogen source and sucrose as carbon source. Moreover, the culture showed a better decolorization activity in the logarithmic phase of growth.Since the Shewanella putrefaciens do its decolorization activity in a short period of time even in an autotrophic pathway, it is thus this strain that can have a valuable role in biodegradation of dye compounds in textile effluents.