Seven healthy and sexually adult bulls were slaughtered and their reproductive system was isolated. Different tissues including: testes, epididymis, vas deferan, ampulla, accessory sex glands (seminal vesicle, prostate and bulb urethra), muscular and mucosal layer of pelvic and penile urethra were carefully dissected. Total soluble protein and arginase specific activity (ASA) were measured by Lowry and modified paranitrophenylglyoxal (PNPG) method, respectively. The results indicate that the highest arginase specific activity (51.28±8.79 x10-3 IU/mg of protein) is present in muscle of pelvic part of urethra. Based on ASA, bulls reproductive system was categorized in three tissue groups: high, medium and low. Muscular layer of penile urethra with the highest ASA level (> 50 X10-3IU/mg tissue protein) is in the 1st group, Testes, bulbourethral gland and mucosal layer of penile urethra (30-40 X10-3 IU/mg tissue protein) are in the2nd group and the rest parts (<25 X10-3IU/mg protein) arein3rd group. Significant differences observed between classified tissues (p<0.05). The present study indicates that ASA is present at different levels in all parts of bull reproductive system. This condition may be related to different rate of cell proliferation and differentiation or some other unknown physiological and biochemical activities of the enzyme in this system.

This is a report of a penile fibrosarcoma in a two-year-old crossbred Holstein bull. The ulcerated tumor mass with dimensions of 7 × 9 × 6.5 cm, was enveloped the glans and body of the penis. It had a white-gray color at cross section appearance. There was no metastatic evidence of regional lymph node enlargement. Histopathologically, elongated spindle-shaped cells arranged densely in the interwoven pattern had a low rate of mitosis with oddly-shaped nuclei and pleomorphism. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and S100, but negative for α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, C-KIT and GFAP.

Collected semen with a good quality and quantity is essential for a bull for selected semen collection and preservation. This survey was carried out on a Friesian Holstein bull, kept in Northwestern breeding center of Iran. Although the bull had normal libido, the semen produced was reported to be azoospermic. Clinical examinations proved no testicular abnormality but the scrotal circumference was measured 27 centimetres which is less than the normal size of this breed (at least 30 centimetres). In histopathological studies, there was a decrease in semeniferous tubule's epithelium (sertoli and gonadal cells), Beside intratubules focal calcifications, fonnation of new connective tissue and vascularization was observed. All of these signs demonstrate an extensive degeneration in both testes.

The image of a wild bull in pre- Islamic poem usually links to the roadster of poets, that is a camel, and from their view point’s the constituents of bull's image are similar to those of camel’s image. Relying on Jahez's ideas on such an image in the pre-Islamic poems, some of the contemporary researchers and critics argue that the camel’s image corresponds to the religion, rites, social customs as well as literary traditions. Furthermore, it consists of certain echoes of traditions, habits and tribal worships as the people in Arabia, while worshipping cows, considered them as a magic fetish and spell in case of praying for rain. To show a harmony between the different elements of the pre-Islamic ode, one may choose a mythological analysis which reveals a deep relation between the concepts and contents of the ode. In this type of analysis, the wild bull represents the symbol of wisdom and power and cleverness which are considered the characteristics of camel which – in turn- is the persona of the poet.

Supply chain management is a new issue in managerial systems which sometimes is considered as Logistic & Procurement systems from the scientists point of view. In this paper, dimensions and principles of SCM are described and the focus is on the importance of inventory management in supply chain management specially in distribution channels. We applied decentralized distribution and inventory model in sales &distribution department of Iran khodro's spare parts & after sales service company (ISACO). In order to keep the stability of the inventory level while decreasing the Bullwhip effect in ordering and delivery system, we tested this model in 3 regional offices and 9 authorized deputies of ISACO. The results showed that while deputies maintain content level of safety stock, they were not willing to keep extra inventory. Information trade-offs between different deputies lead to decreasing the Bullwhip effect in the system as a whole.

Background: Sperm selection method is usually used to collect these cells for in vitroassisted reproduction. Few studies reported the relationship of in vivo fertility and semen parameters after sperm selection; hence, the present study attempted to assess different semen parameters after post-thaw or sperm selection, using density gradient separation BoviPure®, to predict in vivo fertility.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, frozen semen quality of four Montbeliarde bulls were assessed after post-thaw (PT) or after sperm selection (SSp), using density gradient separation BoviPure®, to predict the fertility rate in vivo. In addition to PT or SSp, semen was examined for concentration, motility, morphology abnormalities, viability, acrosome and plasma membrane integrities. Fertility was measured as non-return rates within 56 days after the first insemination (NRR) or as corrected NRR, expressed as CNRR, to the factors influencing fertility using linear mixed model. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare semen parameter variables. Fertility rates were compared using Chi-square test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between CNRR and semen parameters. Data was analysed using SPSS package program, version 21.0.Results: Most of the examined bulls exhibited a high fertility rate (3/4 bulls, 62.1-81.8% for NRR or 67.2-98.5% for CNRR). Fertility rate, expressed as CNRR, was significantly related to semen parameters after SSp, but not after PT. Thus, CNRR was increased with decrease of total motility, progressive spermatozoa and abaxial implantation frequencies after SSp (r=-0.999, P=0.001; r=-0.990, P=0.010; r=-0.988, P= 0.012, respectively); while, CNRR was decreased with decrease of SSp immotile spermatozoa (r=+0.995, P=0.005), underlying that maximal limit of determined immotile spermatozoa is 47%.Conclusion: High frequencies of total and progressive motility spermatozoa, and abaxial implantation in gradient selected sperm appear to be not favorable for fertility in vivo.

In this article, the writer, drawing on comparative studies, first describes the cow protecting the mythical Fereydūn, and suggests that there is a connection between this motif and the ox, mother of Marfits, in the Rig Veda. Based on this hypothesis, the writer compares this story with the fairly tale of "Māh PĪŠānĪ" (the beauty with a moon on her forehead), to shed more light on the connection between the moon and the cow in the latter story. Finally, the writer makes an attempt to show the special symbols used in these two stories in connection with the moon, the cow's horn, the ox-headed mace and the cask.

Oxygen metabolites as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as major factors in male infertility. In the present investigation, we aimed to study the effect of different concentrations of ascorbate/vitamin C (300-2000 micromolar), on membrane integrity, acrosome reaction, and viability of bull (Holstein) spermatozoa in presence of iron (ferrous) ions as lipid peroxidation (LPO) promoter. LPO is one of the manifestations of ROS attack in biological membranes. LPO impinges on membrane integrity, triggers inactivation of membrane bound enzymes which involve in sperm motility. Ascorbate in concentrations below 1000 micromolar protects spermatozoa from free radical damages as evidenced from improvement in their membrane integrity (data of LPO test), elevated acrosome reactions, and increased viability. Concomitantly, there is also witnessed depletion of malondialdehyde (MDA) (an end product of LPO) generation following ascorbate supplementation. Ascorbate at 1000 micromolar concentration and above, however, is not protective, as evidenced by abrupt fall in sperm membrane integrity and rate of acrosome reactions and lowered % live sperm cells. Collectively, ascorbate acts as a double-edged sward in different concentrations and researchers must keep in mind this negative side of ascorbate application in their research fields like in vitro fertilization, cell culture, and preservation of gametes to minimize its deleterious impacts on biological systems.