To study the impact of cobalt gamma rays 60 on the morphologic traits and quality of fatty acids of two types of canola, an experiment was carried out in split plot, completely random blocks with four replications in the educational and research farm of IAU in farming season of 1388-9 in Yasooj branch. The two cultivars of Talayeh and Okapi were chosen as the main factors and the six different levels of radiation including 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 gray were taken as the sub-plot factors. The results showed that all the traits were under the impact of radiation. The highest seed yield was 3985.26 kg/h, the percentage of oil was 48.32, the percentage of linoleic acid was 11.45, the weight of 1000-grain 5.26g, the yield index 31.5, and the plant height was obtained from 100 gray dose. The highest and lowest seed yield 3998.12 and 1545.81 kg/h were taken from the treatment of 100 gray with Okapi cultivar and 500 gray with Talayeh cultivar. The highest percentage of oil was 49.65 gray and Talayeh treatment; and the lowest percentage of oil with 500 gray and Okapi dose were attained. The highest and lowest yield index were 34.7 and 17.7 respectively from 100 gray treatment with Okapi cultivar and 500 gray with the Talayeh type.200 gray dose with Okapi cultivar the highest 12.7 and 500 gray dose with Talayeh of 7.6 produced the least percentage of linoleic acid.

In recent years, enhancing crop grain yield and water use efficiency have become among the important objectives of researchers. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the optimal combination of cultivar and irrigation in autumn rapeseed. To do this, the current research was carried out using APSIM simulation model on three autumn rapeseed cultivars (Hyola308, Hyola401, and RGS003) and four irrigation treatments (full irrigation, withholding irrigation at flowering stage, withholding irrigation at pod initiation stage, and withholding irrigation at grain filling period) in four counties of Lorestan Province. The results showed that the highest grain yield in Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, and Kuhdasht was obtained with Hyola401 cultivar and full irrigation (5361, 5378, and 4488 kg.ha-1, respectively), while in Aleshtar, cultivation of Hyola308 cultivar and withholding irrigation in one of the treatments led to the highest yield (2634 kg.ha-1). The results also showed that Hyola401 cultivar and withholding irrigation at flowering stage in Pol-e Dokhtar and Khorramabad and full irrigation in Kuhdasht (0.457, 0.398, and 0.307 kg.m-3, respectively) led to the highest crop water use efficiency in these counties. In Aleshtar, Hyola308 cultivar and withholding irrigation at flowering stage resulted in the highest crop water use efficiency (0.239 kg.m-3). Overall, the results showed that for these rapeseed agro-ecosystems, the air temperature in each county played a key role in choosing the optimal cultivar (i.e. cultivars with higher percentage of fertile pods under water stress conditions) and proper irrigation management.

IntroductionCanola (Brassica napus L.) is known as the third most important oil crop in the world and is now cultivated over a large area of the world's farms in rotation with various crops, especially cereals (Reddy and Redi, 2003). Simulation models are a useful tool for predicting crop responses to different environments. The CSM-CROPGRO model (Jones et al., 2003) was integrated into the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating spring rapeseed (Saseendran et al., 2010). Due to limited studies on simulating the growth and yield of rapeseed in Iran, especially using DSSAT models, the purpose of this study was to calibrate and evaluate the DSSAT-CROPGRO-Canola model for simulating the growth and yield of two canola cultivars with different treatments of planting date and nitrogen in Karaj, Iran.Materials and MethodsA field experiment was performed as a split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 and 2018. Two spring canola cultivars (Dalgan and Hyola-420) were planted under three levels of nitrogen (0, 70, and 210 kg.ha-1) on two planting dates (28 Feb and 19 Mar). Planting date was considered as the main factor, and cultivars and nitrogen levels were considered as sub-factors. Measured data during the growing season were leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), yield and yield components, and dates of flowering and physiological maturity. Daily weather data, management events, and soil characteristics are imported to DSSAT. The first-year experimental data were used for calibration, and second-year data were used for model evaluation of developmental stages, LAI, TDM, and grain yield. The performance of the DSSAT-CROPGRO-Canola model during the calibration and evaluation was assessed using different statistics, root mean square error (RMSE), normalized RMSE (nRMSE), Willmott’s index (d), and coefficient of determination (R2) of a 1:1 regression line.Results and DiscussionThe results of evaluating phenological stages (anthesis day, first pod day, first seed day, and physiological maturity day) showed that the RMSE for the Dalgan cultivar was less than four days, and for the Hyola-420 cultivar, it was less than five days. This indicates that the model performed excellently in accurately simulating developmental stages. The model was able to simulate LAI up to the pod formation stage in different treatments. The nRMSE and d were 24.88% and 0.92 for the Dalgan cultivar and 22.72% and 0.95 for the Hyola-420 cultivar, respectively.The model was also able to simulate the total dry matter at different planting dates as well as different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, and the values of nRMSE, d, and R2 for the Dalgan cultivar were 24.97%, 0.97 and 0.91**. For the Hyola-420 cultivar, the values were 22.73%, 0.98, and 0.94**. Additionally, the nRMSE, d, and R2 values for the number of grains per square meter were 14.97%, 0.98, and 0.91** for the Dalgan cultivar and 15.37%, 0.98, and 0.90** for the Hyola-420 cultivar, respectively.The evaluation results for grain yield of canola cultivars showed that the RMSE was 395 and 265 kg.ha-1, d was 0.97, and R2 was 0.89** and 0.91** for Dalgan and Hyola-420 cultivars, respectively, confirming the high accuracy of the calibration. Therefore, this model can be used to evaluate the different effects of crop management and make decisions in canola cultivation systems. One of these decisions is to determine the best planting date for spring canola cultivars in the region. Based on the long-term model simulation of cultivars in different planting dates, it is recommended to plant spring canola up to 11 March in this region.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the DSSAT-CROPGRO-Canola model had reliably good performance under different management and environmental conditions. CSM-CROPGRO-Canola model predicts grain yield responses to management and environmental conditions well and can now be employed for assessing the impacts of various agronomic management strategies and decisions making in canola production systems in Iran.

Introduction: Canola is one of the most important oilseed crops all over the world. This oilseed crop is mainly utilized for its high oil content (with about 40–45% oil). However, in recent years, the area under cultivation of canola has decreased due to water scarcity. Applying drought-tolerant cultivars with high water use efficiency can help to develop the area under cultivation of canola and increase canola production. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the water use efficiency of spring canola cultivars in warm and temperate climates. Material and methods: This study investigated different cultivars as a strategy for increasing canola production and improving its water use efficiency under different climate types in Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces. For this purpose, four locations including Khoramabad and Kuhdasht in Lorestan Province as semi-arid climate regions and Dezful, and Shushtar in Khuzestan Province as hot and arid climate regions were selected. Daily long-term climatic data (including minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and global radiation) were collected for these locations from Iran Meteorological Organization. In this study, Hyola308 (early-maturity), Hyola401 (mid-maturity), and RGS003 (late-maturity) cultivars were used. In order to simulate the growth and yield of canola in different locations, the APSIM-Canola model was employed. OriginPro 9.1 software was used for all statistical analyses and the generation of figures. Results and discussion: The results showed that grain yield, biomass, water use efficiency, grain weight, actual evapotranspiration, the average temperature during the canola growth period, and the length of the canola growth period were substantially affected by cultivar and region (climate type). According to the results, the highest grain yield and water use efficiency (3037 kg ha-1 and 6.9 kg mm-1 ha-1, respectively) were achieved for the mid-maturity cultivar (Hyola401). Furthermore, simulation results revealed that temperate and semi-arid regions compared to hot and arid regions increased grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency by 2507 kg ha-1, 10100 kg ha-1, and 2.7 kg mm-1 ha-1, respectively. Khorramabad × Hyola401 treatment had the highest water use efficiency, grain yield, and biomass (9 kg mm-1 ha-1, 4954, and 17943 kg ha-1, respectively) due to lower the average temperature during the canola growth period (10.9 ° C) and higher the length of the canola growth period (2424.9 day), while the lowest amount of these traits was recorded in Dezful × Hyola308 treatment (5 kg mm-1 ha-1, 1369, and 5514 kg ha-1, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicated that expanding canola cultivation in temperate regions can be used to boost canola production in Iran and to improve the sustainability of canola cultivation agroecosystems. Also, using a mid-maturity cultivar such as Hyola401 in both temperate and hot climate conditions can increase water use efficiency and sustainability of canola production agroecosystems through higher production per water consumption.

Fertilizer N residual use in agriculture is recognized worldwide as an alternative fertilizer and to a sharp decrease of the nitrate concentration in seepage water recharging the groundwater. In order to evaluate recovery of residual fe1tilizer-nitrogen by canota in a canota-forage maize agroecosystem, a field experiment was conducted at research farm of Shahrekord University, 2008-2009. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Treatments include residues of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1 in the form of urea and broiler litter which that this soil amendments were applied in spring for maize as prior crop. Canola was planted in mid­ September following forage maize harvest. The results showed that broiler N residual increased pod/plant, seed/pod, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, dary matter, oil concentration and oil yield compared with the N residual of urea. The greatest pod/plant, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, oil concentration and oil yield were obtained with 300 kg N ha-1 from source of poultry litter, but 200 kg N ha-1 from broiler Jitter produced the highest seed/pod and biological yield. In conclusion, utilization N residual after maize harvest would help to minimize the use of high cost synthetic mineral fertilizers for canola production and represents an environmentally and agronomically sound management strategy.

Canola production is an important alternative for agricultural policy-makers in Iran to reduce dependency on the imported vegetable oils. Nevertheless, the canola planted area is only increasing at a slow pace, indicating a low willingness-to-accept of farmers. The general aim of this study was to determine the factors influencing the canola adoption in the Kermanshah Province in Western Iran. Employing stratified random sampling method, 106 farmers from each adopter and non-adopter group were selected. Helping to reach a suitable extensional program, two main categories of variables were defined; i.e. "farmers’ personal characteristics" and "extension parameters". The analysis of farmers’ personal characteristics variables revealed that the adopters had larger farms and were younger. The results also show that 80% of the adopters were "highly" to "very highly" willing to cultivate canola. Furthermore, a logistic regression model estimated the influence of extensional parameters variables on the canola adoption. According to the regression model, the most effective factors are "contact with extension agents" and "participating in extension classes". As a conclusion, it is suggested that the focus of extension services should be to reduce the distance to agricultural service centers in combination with more contact with extension agents and classes.

In direct cut combining of crops, two factors are involved: grain losses and harvesting velocity which are significant in field harvesting. Omitting the cuterbar of combine’s head and designing of a new head for separation of canola’s pod from it’s stem needs basic information and data about the amount of force for stability of canola plant’s roots in the soil. During past years, there has not been much work done on mechanical properties of this plant. Past year, in harvesting time, when the moisture of seeds were 9% and moisture content of plants 56/6%,the diameter of stem was measured in 3 replications. Three level of diameter size were determined which named: thin, medium and thick stem (11.3, 21.6, 25.6 mm). Required canola uprooting force was obtained by using uprooting machine. Data were processed by japanies analyzer (TC-31K), then uprooting curves (force-time) were drawn. Uprooting machine operated with, 0.01 m/sec., constant velocity. Results showed the required forces that were between 15/6 to 46/7 Kgf. In other word, in design of harvesting machine, the maximum requiring force for pod separation from it,s stem, should not be more than 15.6 kgf. In the research, the maximum power for a single canola plant uprooting was calculated between 1.53 to 5.3 watt (jole/sec.). The results showed that canola,s uprooting forces increases with increasing the stem diameter and decreases with increasing the uprooting time. For future needs ,an experiment were carried out on determination of uprooting force for flowering and seeding stage ,having respectively 81% and 75% moisture on wet basies. The uprooting forces for these two stages were more than those which required for harvesting stage. In the flowering and seed setting stages, under applied forces, crushing in stems happened, but in harvesting no stem was crushed and increasing the force, result fracturing.

Partner or live probiotic bacteria as dietary supplements are living through the improvement of intestinal microbial host, provide beneficial effects in animal hosts. Also the amino acid composition of canola meal is as a protein with a similar amino acid protein of fish flour. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of canola meal and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a same time on growth and viability of children of rainbow trout, was performed. This experiment, in four groups of 265 rainbow trout larvae with an initial weight of 5 ± mg100 each Group was performed. Group (1) include groups receiving 0.10 g / kg Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 25% canola meal, (2) the groups receiving g / kg 0.50 Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 50% canola meal, Group 3 the groups receiving 1.5 g / kg Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 100% canola meal they were received within 65 days; Group (4)that were controls, they were received only dry food without probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and canola meal for 65 days’. The obtained results was evaluated with SPSS17 software (P≤0.05)In different amounts of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics canola meal, fish larvae fed with diet containing 0.50 g per kg dry foods and probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 50% canola meal,had more growth than the control and experimental groups(P≤0.05) Also viability of fish larvae fed with probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and canola meal was higher than the control group (P≤0.05).