This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Background & Aims: supracondylar humerus fracture is one of the most common pediatric elbow fractures accounting for about 16% of the pediatric fractures. Loss of reduction is one of the complications after closed and percutaneous fixation. This research is aimed to investigate the factors involved in the loss of reduction. Method: In this descriptive study, the children with supracondylar humerus fractures were examined. 175 children under the age of 10 with type 3 and 4 supracondylar humerus fracture fractures who underwent closed fixation and pinning were entered into the study. The studied factors were analyzed by a logistic regression method. Results: in this study 175 children under the age of 10 including 71 girls and 104 boys (59. 4%) with the average age of 5. 4± 2. 4 were investigated. In 153 cases, (87. 4%) the fixation was anatomical and stable during the follow-up; while 22 cases (12. 6%) had the loss of fixation. The most important anatomical disorder was internal rotation displacement in the medial distal part of fracture in these 22 cases. Pinning technique and obesity were among the effective factors in the failure of the anatomical reduction. In a way that obese children (above 85 percentile or IBM>25) and the lateral pinning location were divergent but they crossed in the fracture site and were effective with odd ratios of 1. 3 (CI 95% 0. 8-2. 3) and 1. 8 (CI 95% 0. 9-2. 3), respectively. In 14 cases (63. 6%) the failure was due to the place of fracture cross and in 8 cases (36. 6%) the complication occurred in the obese children. The fracture type had no effect on the loss of reduction as no difference was observed. Conclusions: Obesity and fixation technique are among the effective factors in the loss of reduction in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. In obese children, cross-suitable fixation should be considered to prevent complications.

Introduction: The incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) varies markedly according to the age, race and sex of the population as well as the geographical characteristics of the place where they live. Low socio-economic status is associated withthe occurrence of several different chronic diseases, but evidenceregarding renal disease is scant. This study was performed to determine the relationship between the level of patient’s family education and income with the etiology of ESRD.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 62 patients (30 Boys and 32 Girls) with chronic renal failure who were under dialysis treatment. A control group consisting of 400 students was also enrolled in the study. Socioeconomic data were obtained from both groups by using a questionnaire. Meanwhile, the cause of renal failure and the kind of dialysis were also determined for the patients. Socioeconomic features were compared in both the patients and the control group by using student T-Test, Chi-square, Fisher Exact Test and logistic regression analysis.Results: In the dialysis group, there were remarkably more children from families with either one parent or without any supervisor, as compared with the control group) P<0.001).The level of family education in the dialysis group and control group was 10.6 and 13.3 years of schooling, respectively (P<0.001). Dialysis patients were either tenants or were living in houses smaller than the control group’s (P<0.001). In addition, the household’s monthly income for the case group was lower than that of the control group and only 3% of the patients were living in the socioeconomic areas of high classes (P<0.001).Conclusion: The dialysis patients’ families had lower socioeconomic level in comparison with the healthy population. The high prevalence of ESRD in these families may be related to the lack of access to hygienic facilities, the parents’ lack of sufficient knowledge and inattentiveness which may lead to delayed diagnosis of the disease, and incomplete treatment of the primary disease which may, in turn, develop ESRD.

2Some psychological disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are more common among deaf children than their hearing peers. Usually, the resilience of the parents of deaf children is lower than the parents of hearing children. For this reason, some resilience programs used for children and parents are more helpful to parents of deaf children. Friends resilience program, which is based on a cognitive-behavioral approach, is among these programs. The present research aimed to review the role of Friends resilience programs in reducing anxiety and depression in deaf children and their parents. This study was a descriptive and review research. Articles available in reliable scientific databases such as IranDoc, SID, Magiran, ISC, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Medline were used to collect information. The Friends Resilience programs consist of 10-12 sessions, and it has four separate standardized programs for different age groups, namely, Fun Friends, Friends for Life, My Friends’ Youth, and Adult Resilience Program, respectively. The findings showed that the Friends resilience program reduces the anxiety and stress of parents of hearing children and children with special needs, including deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Therefore, this program can be used as a helpful and practical intervention to reduce psychological problems and improve the mental health of deaf children and their parents.

Kinship marriages play an important role in the emergence of various types of children's disabilities, which can affect the quality and marital satisfaction of these families. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concerns about having a disabled child and the quality and marital satisfaction of relatives. For this purpose, a review of the original texts including scientific books and scientific articles in this field between 1990 and 2017 was extracted from the Google Scholar, ERIC, Science Direct and Pubmed databases. Searching for these databases was provided by the disabled children in the family, Kinship Marriage, Marital satisfaction, Marital Adjustment, Marital Quality, Children with Developmental Disabilities. Also, some Persian sources used in this field were used. A review of the literature of research has shown that in families with kinship marriages, there is a greater concern and concern than having a disabled child that can affect their quality and marital satisfaction. Also, some studies have shown that quality and marital satisfaction in Kinship families have the greatest impact once they become a child of disability in the family. Based on the literature review, . Generally, kinship due to the implications is sought more by researchers and clinicians and doctors in the field. Other theoretical applications and empirical evidence related to kinship marriage are detailed in the paper.

Background and Aim: The aim of the present study was translation of Children Participation Questionnaire (CPQ) into Persian and then assessment of the face, content, and convergent validity of the new intrument.Materials and Methods: The present study was a methodological research. The translation procedure was carried out using the IQOLA protocol. For assessment of convergent validity the Vinland Questionnaire was used.Results: The results showed that the translation of questionnaire was easy. The assessment of face and content validity led to some changes in some items of the questionnaire according to Iranian context, and the convergent validity was acceptable (r>0.66, p<(0.001).Conclusions: The face, content, and convergent validity of the Persian version of Children Participation Questionnaire (P-CPQ) were acceptable and this questionnaire is now useable in other studies.