Many historical evidences are presented about perception of the Iranian identity among clans and tribes at Gajar era. Clans and tribes of Iran communicate through the system of the oral cultural exchange to the various Iranian traditions.Such backgrounds cause these societies to form the most important soldier forces for defense of borders in the absence of army and modern military system. Although, existing interior convergence in the tribes and ethnics societies, variety, differences and distinctions among them, cultural poverty and expanded illiteracy, intense resistance against renovation and actually assimilation policy of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and as a result had been occurred wide tribal tensions, all of these, cause identity analyzers to pay attention to some evidences which confirm this theory that Iranian clans and tribes were social forces against government as well as anti-national, which lacks awareness and interests of Iranian identity. Such condition had been caused the relationship among tribes, clans and Iranian identity to be problematic. And we deal with this question: "how was the awareness of tribes and clans at Gajar era toward Iranian identity?" This study tries to find an appropriate answer to this question through historical study of the issue.

Political borders cover the facts and represent geographical and human unity as controversial pluralism. Individuals and human groups and populations are like ancient trees that, although they appear to be individual, are actually rooted in connectedness and unity. Nomadic populations have such a situation; they are unique but scattered. Searching for the origin of one of the Shahsavan Baghdadi clans named Küseler (Küseler, Köseler) was the aim of this article, and the author, relying on an interdisciplinary historical and anthropological method, intended to investigate the identity and the first settlement of this clan and its subsequent migrations. The result of the research shows that in order to search for the origin and formation process of this tribe and to find its identity, the geographical range of Turkestan to the Balkans and the time span of several centuries should be taken into consideration.

Purpose: To report the role of Shadloo tribe chiefs and clans residing in Aladagh region in the military and political developments in Afsharid era. Method and Research Design: archival documents and library materials are the resources data for analysis was collected from. Findings and Conclusion: Aladagh was the center of the Shadloo tribe and dozens of clans who were moved by the Safavids Kurdistan to the north of Khorasan during the Safavids (1501-1736). Apparently, their chiefs enjoyed a serious influence in the Afsharid government. The tribe and the clans were powerful rulers throughout Khorasan territory. They became close allies of Nader Shah and his successors after some years of enmity. In addition to the protection of borders, they participated in battles against Ottomans, Afghans and Turkmens.

Objective: The current research aimed to identify methods of utilizing clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking. Method: The present research employed a qualitative approach based on the phenomenological method. The research community consulted experts from Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2023. Through purposeful sampling and employing the data saturation technique, 15 individuals were selected. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews, and data analysis was performed using the directed thematic analysis method in MaxQDA software. Results: The study revealed 8 organizing themes, consisting of 32 basic themes that proved to be effective as informational and operational methods. Additionally, two inclusive themes emerged regarding the utilization of clans and tribes in combating substance trafficking. The organizing themes of this research on tribes and clans included attracting information agents, utilizing information, motivating, informing, equipping with new tools, promoting border knowledge, operational training, operational use, infiltrating them among gangs and networks, and creating operational teams. Conclusion: Recruiting from tribes and clans, motivating and raising awareness, providing them with new tools, enhancing their knowledge of borders as information methods and operational training, infiltrating tribes and clans among gangs and networks, and establishing operational teams from within the target community are effective methods for combating substance trafficking.

Expatriating social centrifugal forces tribes and clans, has been one of the policies of Iranian governments from the Safavid era with the aim of establishing security and controlling on them. Displacement Kurdish clans from their original habitat to other parts of country has been recognized as one of the critical periods in the history of Safavid era. In the line with this policy, the Kurdish"Rashvand" clans, were expatriated, first to Khorasan Province then to Qazvin and its nearby habitats. The consequences of this settlement in those aforementioned areas to both Kurdish clans as well as the central government is the subject of this study. Alongside with this, in this study, we will also analyze the political, martial and economic causes and motivations of these migrants. This paper analyzes the subject in a descriptive-analytical manner, based on documentary sources including published documents, unpublished documents, library resources and field observations. Research findings show that Rashvand clans were migrated to Qazvin and the nearby habitat areas for diverse reasons, namely for martial, political and economic reasons. Accumulating wealth, acquisition of governmental authority and official titles, have been the most important consequences of this displacement

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the psychological effects of FIFA, PES, and Clash of Clans games on young men at risk of developing internet gaming disorder (IGD). Methods: The sample consisted of 150 young men, 50 of whom were in the FIFA and PES group, 50 in the Clash of Clans group, and 50 in the control group. Two groups of young men at risk of developing IGD were compared with a control group. The participants completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI), Game Addiction Scale, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Findings: The results of the study showed that the scores of mental health problems, conflict with friends, and executive function problems in the Clash of Clans group were significantly higher than those of the FIFA, PES, and control groups. Concerning conflict with parents, the FIFA group had a higher score than the Clash of Clans and control groups. In addition, the results indicated that gaming addiction affects mental health by affecting executive functions. Conclusion: The Clash of Clans game has more negative effects on psychological functions.

The present study attempts to establish a connection between strategic thinking style and the style of game players in the game that called Clash of clans and thus, introduce a new method in the evaluation of strategic thinking skills of Clash of clans computer games. Therefore, the dimensions of strategic thinking by John Pisapia the one hand and the theory of "players’ type" from Richard Bartle on the other hand in the design of the conceptual model used in this study. The study benefited from the qualitative and quantitative research methods, statistical sample of 51 players worked with the researchers and their responses to two questionnaires "strategic thinking" and "game style" was analyzed. At the end it is concluded that there is a significant relation between, strategic thinking and the players’ game style in the area of Clash of Clans computer game.

"Khunsolh" or "Khunbas" is an unofficial procedure to solve criminal matters that is common in Kurd people of Kermansha. This customary and non-criminal procedure is used to solve disputes resulting from murder. In this paper, we have done a filed study about the acceptability of murderer in society after the Khunsolh from the viewpoints of three groups: murderer's family, victim's family and elderly people of the concerned society. Findings show that Khunsolh has been successful in resolving the conflicts and restoring peace to harmed society. The murderer comes back to society and is accepted as an ordinary member of that society. So we can say that Khunsolh has a restorative function.

Background and aim: The use of online games in recent years has become a popular entertainment among teens. Due to their highly motivating properties and the high rates of addiction to these games, the motivating factors for online gaming have come to the attention of researchers. The present study aimed to develop and test a model for the relationship between motivations for gaming and addiction to online games.Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 409 adolescents which play Clash of Clans were recruited from high schools in Karaj and two questionnaires of online gaming addiction and motives for online gaming were completed. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling.Results: The results showed that seeking the flow experience and communication with others were the highest and lowest ranking in prediction of influencing online gaming addiction, respectively. The investigated model for the role of psychological motivations in online gaming addiction was confirmed and explained 0.77 of its variance.Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that psychological motivations largely explained online gaming addiction among adolescents. Therefore, prevention efforts aimed at reducing online gaming addiction should compose of these factors. In fact, the results suggested that earlier prevention efforts may be warranted.

Abstract:Examining the relations between the tribes and the tribes with each other and with the central government is one of the important topics in the history of Iran during the Islamic period. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the kind of hostile relations that were going on with the Ottoman government, In this article, the activities that is, the clans and tribes of the western regions of Iran, in the political developments of the period of Shah Abbas I (1038-996) have been analyzed analytically. During the period of Shah Abbas I, how were the policies and conflicts of the Kurds with each other? It is one of the important topics of the article.The result of the research shows that during the era of Shah Abbas I, the Kurdish clans and tribes of Iran, who had the power and sovereignty of the state in the western regions of Iran in the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshahan and Azerbaijan, were among the main political and military actors in the west of the country. During this period, a kind of multifaceted relationship between the tribes and the Kurdish peoples emerged, which created the grounds for unrest in the western province of Iran, and increased tribal conflicts among them. The main actors of tribal and tribal conflicts in the Kurdish regions during the period of Shah Abbas I were Mahmudi, Donbali, Bradost, Mukri, Hakkari, Ardalan, Belbas and Oraman clans and clans.