Introduction : Pilonidal cysts occur predominantly in males. The lesion usually manifests itself clinically near the end of the second decade of life. The patients are often hirsute and frequently unaware of the presence of the sinus.Clinically, the lesion is asymptomatic until it becomes infected. The diagnosis is made on the basis of one or more small openings in the midline over the sacrococcygeal region approximately 3.5 to 5 cm posterior to the anal orifice. Infection may occur because of its proximity to the anal region. The symptoms of an abscess are classic. Trauma preceding the onset of symptoms has been reported. As this disease is seen in the young and active population and has a high prevalence, need for a surgical operation with decreased complications& duration of admission leading to faster return of the patient to daily life activities is felt. Methods& materials :In this sinple blind randomized clinical trial study, 60 young patients ( mean age of 21.9+/-3.09 years) who refered to the surgical clinics of Baqiyatallah hospital and diagnosed as having pilonidal cysts requiring treatment were divided into two groups of 30 cases each, wherein Group One patients were operated upon using this new semi-CLOSURE technique and Group Two patients were operated upon using the classic open method. The patients were followed up till complete treatment and results were compared. Results :The effectiveness and advantages of semi closed method over the open method (p< 0.05) was observed.( post operative pain & bleeding , wound healing , change of dressing,time period of return to work and complete treatment). Conclusion : It is concluded that the semi CLOSURE excision method is better than the open method in all aspects for the treatment of pilonidal sinus.

In this paper, we propose the concepts of fuzzifying CLOSURE systems and Birkhoff fuzzifying CLOSURE operators. In the framework of fuzzifying mathematics, we find that there still exists a one to one correspondence between fuzzifying CLOSURE systems and Birkhoff fuzzifying CLOSURE operators as in the case of classical mathematics. In the aspect of category theory, we prove that the category of fuzzifying CLOSURE system spaces is isomorphic to the category of Birkhoff fuzzifying CLOSURE spaces. In addition, we obtain an important result that the category of fuzzifying CLOSURE spaces and that of fuzzifying CLOSURE system spaces can be both embedded in the category of Birkhoff I-CLOSURE spaces. Finally, using fuzzifying CLOSURE systems of the paper, we introduce a set of separation axioms in fuzzifying CLOSURE system spaces, which offer a try how to research the properties of spaces by fuzzifying CLOSURE systems.

Considering the incidence of pilonidal sinus and its relapse following routine procedures and for making a comparison between the partial CLOSURE and open methods, this study was performed on referrals of Shaheed Modarres hospital during the years 1998-1999. The clinical trial strategy of this study was performed on 48 patients. They were randomly divided into two control and case groups. For control group, the open method and routine procedures and for control group, an outpatient method and local anesthetics were applied. For the latter, the cyst (sinus) was removed and stitched by silk thread # 0. This method not only prevented hemorrhage, but also produced an operation area of less extent and less supporation and its treating is easier. After 5 days, the granulation tissue was formed and the sutures were removed. This procedure is a modified and converted form of open method and is accompanied with less infection and relapse (a modification to Dives method). Control group (n=24, 20 males and 4 females) consisted of patients at an average age of 27 years (from 18 to 36 years) and case group included 24 patients (22 males and 2 females) at an average age of 31 years (from 16 to 45 years). In both groups, the sinuses were similar regarding type and dimension. The wound extent in control group was from 15 to 25 mm and in the case group was from 12 to 18 mm. In addition, both of them did not show hemorrhage, one patient in control group had infection, and wound healing in control and case groups observed after 45 :t 5 and 25 :t 5 days respectively. It is concluded that partial CLOSURE method has less complications in the treatment of patients with pilonidal sinus.

Background: Hysterectomy is the most common intraabdominal operation after cesarean section. The CLOSURE of peritoneum in abdominal hysterectomy is traditional despite published data that indicate re-approximating peritoneum is not necessary and may promote adhesion formation. This study was undertaken to compare postoperative short-term morbidity between CLOSURE and non-CLOSURE of peritoneum in abdominal hysterectomy. Materials and methods: A parallel-group, double blind randomized controlled trial was their peritoneum (both parietal and visceral) closed and 60 patients (open-group) did not have any peritoneal re-approximation. Initial data including period of operation, bowel performance, postoperative pain, and postoperative were all determined and compared between the two groups. Results: Groups were similar according to the age, surgery indications, preoperative hemoglobin concentration, and type of anesthesia. Postoperative pain (visual analog scale) was lesser in the open-group (P-0.0073). The mean period of operation was shorter in open group (P=0.005). There was no significant difference in postoperative bowel performance, liquid diet, laxative usage, antibiotic administration, analgesic usage and fever. Conclusion: Non-CLOSURE of visceral and parietal peritoneum in abdominal hysterectomy seems to have better outcomes. Shorter period of surgery and anesthesia may lead to lesser postoperative pain.

Background & Aims: Hydatid cyst is an endemic zoonosis in Iran which may involve various organs of body. Liver is involved in 80% of the cases; and lung is the second in 5-10% of cases. There are different methods for hydatid cyst surgery treatments; including Video Assisted Thoracic the Surgery, intact cystectomy, lobectomy, evacuation and bronchial opening CLOSURE (E.B.O.C). We have chosen the latter procedure.Materials & Methods: This paper is a retrospective review of 120 patients operated between 1990-2002. Results: The patients' age range was 3 up to 60 years; 62% males and 38% females. Patients present by symptoms as cough, sputum, bloody stained sputum, dyspnea, chest pain were 92% of the cases; 8% of the patients discovered incidentally. 10% of the patients suffered bloody stained sputum and 5% had intact hydatid cysts. Chest X ray used as a diagnostic procedure in 100% of the cases, and additional computerized tomography was (CT) used for 24 of the patients. Serologic tests used for 50% of the cases but it was not helpful in diagnosis. All patients were operated via a posterolateral thoracotomty. One hundred patients were operated by evacuation and Bronchial Opening CLOSURE (E.B.O.C), 8 patients lobectomy, and 5 patients by intact cystectomy and Wedge resections, and 7 patients were treated by Video Assisted Thoracotomy Surgery. There were no additional complication in one-year follow up in Evacuation and Bronchial Opening CLOSURE (E.B.O.C) procedure, and the residual cavity gradually filled up in 6 months. Conclusion: Using Evacuation and Bronchial Opening CLOSURE for long hydatic cyst didn't need any procedure to fill the remained cavity. After one year follow up there was not any recurrence or complication.

Background: Management of pain after cesarean section not only brings comfort for patients but reduces the cost and duration of hospitalization.Objective: This study was performed to compare post-cesarean pain between two techniques of CLOSURE and non-CLOSURE of parietal peritoneum.Methods: This was a double blind clinical trial in which 160 pregnant women visited in Kosar hospital during the period from October 2003 to May 2004 were selected. All cases were operated under spinal anesthesia. A pfannenstiel incision of skin and lower segment of uterus was employed in all cases. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. In one group, parietal peritoneum was closed using a continuous chromic suture and in second group this layer was left unsutured. The analgesic requirement and the degree of pain over the first 24 hours following the surgery were further assessed. Two groups were compared by t-test and chi-square test.Findings: Two groups were similar in terms of age, weight, parity, and cause of cesarean. In non-CLOSURE group, the mean use of analgesic over 24 hours was 90.8 mg of Voltaren and 1.16 capsules of mefenamic acid whereas in CLOSURE group it was 112.9 mg of Voltaren and 2 capsules of mefenamic acid and the difference was found significant, statistically (p=0/000). The mean VAS in CLOSURE and non-CLOSURE groups over 24 hours was 5.5 and 4.24, respectively. The difference between two groups was also shown to be statistically significant (p=0/000).Conclusion: Non-CLOSURE of parietal peritoneum in cesarean section produces a significant reduction in post operative pain and analgesic use.

The tangled CLOSURE of a collection of subsets of a topological space is the largest subset in which each member of the collection is dense.This operation models a logical ‘tangle modality’ connective, of significance in finite model theory. Here we study an abstract equational algebraic formulation of the operation which generalises the McKinsey-Tarski theory of CLOSURE algebras. We show that any dissectable tangled CLOSURE algebra, such as the algebra of subsets of any metric space without isolated points, contains copies of every finite tangled CLOSURE algebra. We then exhibit an example of a tangled CLOSURE algebra that cannot be embedded into any complete tangled CLOSURE algebra, so it has no MacNeille completion and no spatial representation.

Background: Cesarean section (CS) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. The complications following a CS include fever, wound infection, post-operative pain and bleeding which are not usually found in a normal vaginal delivery. Traditionally, suturing of peritoneal layers for CS patients has been done, but in some studies it has been shown that this procedure could be eliminated without affecting the rate of morbidity. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the short-term outcomes of two different cesarean delivery techniques. Patients and Methods: A total of 100 cases who underwent CS were randomly assigned equally to either CLOSURE of both the visceral and parietal peritoneum or no peritoneum CLOSURE. Duration of operation, pain scores, analgesic requirements, alterations in hemoglobin levels and febrile morbidity were assessed accordingly. Results: Pain scores, analgesic requirements assessed at 24 hours and operation duration were significantly lower in the non-CLOSURE group as compared to the CLOSURE group. Febrile conditions and changes in hemoglobin levels were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Non-CLOSURE of both visceral and the parietal peritoneum when performing a CS produces a significant reduction in pain, fewer analgesic requirements and a shorter operation duration without increasing the febrile morbidity and changes in hemoglobin levels as compared to the standard methods.