Among the paintings and works found in historical places one can get familiarized with the ancient Persian culture and traditions. What catches the eyes among such paintings are ceremonies where one witnesses dances.The purpose of this article is to investigate various aspects of such dances. Then Sama which is regarded as a Sufi dance is dealt with. In the course of history these two styles of dances had some significance and by tracing ceremonies and feasts given by Royalties and the Sufis one can infer subtle points, but in Masnavi also there are some references to this subject. Mowlana had particularly held high regard for Sama in sufi ceremonies.

This article aims to study the caste-class system in Indian Rig- Veda and Avesta, which were the social structure of the ancient Iran as well as India.Since the hymns of the Rig-Veda and Avesta remark three distinct classes, it is hard to imagine the early Aryans with no social classes when they migrated to Iran and India. The Rig-Veda calls these classes “Brahman” (priest), “Rajanya” (nobility), and “Vaisya” (Commoner or Farmer -Craftsman). Avesta labels them “Athravan (priest)”, “Rathaestar (Army)”, and “Vastrya (Commoner or Farmer-Craftsman). The Classification of Aryans reveals that the classes from Rig-Veda are very close to the Avestan’s social classes. This reveals that these two systems have a common origin. Hence it makes evident that the Aryans gradually migrated to India from Iran.

Gender has been unmasked as a key determinant of body adiposity and endocrine homeostasis in the human fetus. Increasing evidence suggests that girls are more insulin resistant than boys at all ages from birth to adolescence. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes in children is commoner in girls than in boys. These gender based differences seen early in life could reflect differences in intrinsic insulin resistance or postnatal behavior.

Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a potentially life threatening ectopic pregnancy where a missed diagnosis is commoner than an accurate diagnosis. Incidence of Ectopic pregnancy is 1 –,2 % and cesarean scar ectopic occurs in about (0. 05%) 1 in 2000 of all pregnancies. With increasing cesarean section rates worldwide, CSP is bound to increase with its dreaded complications like uterine rupture and catastrophic hemorrhage. Three patients misdiagnosed as incomplete miscarriages in post cesarean pregnancies in other centers were found to be CSP in Gynaecology department of a tertiary level hospital. All three patients were managed successfully, two surgically and one medically.

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the third most frequent cause of stroke and accounts for 10 to 15 percent of all strokes in whites and 30 percent of them in blacks and Asian Population. The commoner sites of hemorrhages are different among populations and complications of them are different too. Methods: In the present descriptive observational study, we studies 226 ICH patients admitted in Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, from November 2001 to November 2003 and evaluated them for their symptoms and signs according to size and location of their hemorrhages recognized by CT-scan at the time of admission. Results: From our 226 patients (126 men and 100 women), 38.5% of them had thalamic hemorrhage, 24% had lobar hemorrhage , 22.5% had putaminal hemorrhage , 8% had pontine hemorrhage , 6% had cerebellar hemorrhage, and 1.3% had internal capsular hemorrhage. Seizure was commoner in lobar and putaminal hemorrhages. Vomiting was present in 100% of cerebellar hemorrhage cases. Headache was present in 100% of cerebellar hemorrhage cases and between 66-83% of cases with hemorrhage cases in other sites. Coma was common in pontine hoemorrhage. Conclusion: ICH accounts for 28.5% of our all stroke admissions.The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage increases with age, reaching a maximum between the ages of 60 and 80 years old, and is higher in men than women and right side than the left side. We found that thalamic hemorrhage was the commonest site of hemorrhage among our patients second by lobar hemorrhage and more than half of our patients had headache or vomiting on the day of admission. Overall acute mortality rate depends mainly on the position and size of hemorrhage, which we can estimate them by the CT- scan. Diabetes mellitus is not considered as a risk factor, in contrast to hypertension.    

Melasma is a common dermatosis, presenting as ill-defined light to dark brown pigmentation of photo-exposed areas, most commonly the face. Its exact prevalence is unknown, but it is commoner in intermediate skin phototypes and women of reproductive age. Its treatment and monitoring have significance due to its chronic recalcitrant history and psychosocial impact. Various indices and tools like the melasma area and severity Index (MASI), melasma severity index (MSI), and Melasma Quality of Life Scale (MELASQoL) have been formulated for measuring severity and treatment response. In this review, particular emphasis has been laid on melasma’, s epidemiological and clinical aspects and its assessment and scoring.

Introduction: Despite the fact that oral and perioral cancers are not included in common cancers, they are of special importance for their impact on human morbidity and life quality. Awareness of the epidemiological characteristics of oral cancers allows for enhanced planning of timely and effective treatment in order to improve patients’ life quality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the distributional patterns of oral and perioral malignancies in terms of age, gender, type, and location.Methods and Materials: 4553 oral biopsy specimens taken over 17 years (1988-2004) at the Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, were studied. Among these, 283 cases included oral malignant lesions. The age, gender, location, and type of malignancy data for these cases were recorded.Results: The results of this survey showed that commoner malignant oral lesions were epithelial lesions with 175 cases (62%), salivary lesions with 48 cases (17%), and hematogenic malignancies with 23 cases (9%). Squamous cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, lymphoma, and osteosarcoma were the commoner malignant lesions in this area of the body. The mean age of patients was 52.2 years of old and the male to female ratio was found to be 1.3.Discussion: The present study showed that compared to the less common malignant lesions, the more common ones, i.e. epithelial and salivary lesions, show far more differences from those reported in previous studies. For example, compared to previous studies, the mean age for epithelial lesions was found to be less by one decade while the mean age for salivary gland lesions was found to be higher by one decade. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was found to be the most common malignancy but its relative frequency was lower than that reported in previous studies. Moreover, differences were also observed in its anatomical distribution. Lip, salivary gland, and maxillary malignant lesions were less common than expected, which is probably due to their extra oral clinical characteristics. The results of the present study also showed that lesions with relatively lower frequencies are more similar to those reported in previous studies.

Background: Carcinoid tumors usually originate from the enterochromaffin cells located in gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system. They may rarely arise in the urinary bladder, where this can be eventually miscued as any other commoner bladder neoplasms. The current study was conducted to connote an uncommon clinicopathological presentation by a carcinoid tumor in the urinary bladder.Case: A 52-year-old male, who initially experienced obstructive urinary symptoms, underwent cystourethroscopy to remove a tumor in the urinary bladder. The tumor exhibited insular, trabecular, and organoid architecture on histology without any necrosis or mitosis, stained positively with chromogranin A, and thereby, confirmed the diagnosis of a pure carcinoid tumor.Conclusion: Carcinoid tumors rarely arise in the urinary bladder and other genitourinary organs. But, several other and relatively more common bladder neoplasms may often deceptively simulate it. This dilemma could be resolved easily with the application of proper immunohistochemistry (IHC) in neuroendocrine tumors.

Hyperekplexia is a rare non-epileptic disorder characterized by an exaggerated and persistent startle reaction to the unexpected tactile and acoustic stimuli. The disorder is occasionally associated with generalized muscular rigidity and has the clinical hallmark of positive nose tapping test. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion Recessively inherited and sporadic forms of the disorder are also seen. Neonatal hyperekplexia is extremely rare but importnat because, if undiagnosed and untrated, the disease can be fatal. Hyperek-plexia is easily mistaken for commoner disorders such as spastic cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Clonazepam is of benefit, but it does not always stop the prolonged spasms. Forced flexion of baby"s head toward the trunk is the most effective treatment. We report a young female infant who presented with excessive jerky movements of the limbs in response to tactile stimuli, associated with episodic generalized stiffness and irritability since her birth. Marked improvement was seen following the use of clonazepam.

This article aims to compare classes system of caste in Rig- Vedic and Shah Namah which has made the two social structure in India and Iran societies. Although it is evident that the early Aryans who migrated into India were nomadic people, it is hard to presume that they had no social classes among themselves for the Ring- Vedic hymns certainly present glimpses of three Distinct classes, These Rig - Vedic classes i.e.Brahman (priest) Rajanya (nobility) and Vaisya (commoner) fonned the basis of the development of higher castes. Although we can see this three distinct in Shah Namah classes i.e. Kartoziyan (Priest), Neisriyan (Anny), Basody (Fanner) and Ahto khoshy (Craftsman) This Rig- Vedic classification fonn a very close parallel to the Shah Namah's Iranian social classes. thre is much justification to in for that both systems have had a common origin.It is almost evidently established that the Aryan migration into India was a gradual over flow from Iran. It is obvious that the Rig - Vedic social classes were originated outside India and were diffused into India with Aryans.