Purpose: Managers are one of the important elements of an organization, for this reason, in order to draw the future of the organization, it is necessary for the planners to specify the conditions of their selection and appointment. Therefore, the current research has been done with the aim of identifying and analyzing the components of selecting future principals.Method: In this research, comparative and benchmarking method is used as a prospective approach. This approach is based on the belief that today's advanced organizations/countries can be considered as a model for the future of another organization/countries in their respective subjects. For this, first, the fields of comparison and benchmarking were determined using Brody's four-step comparison method; then the countries of Canada, Finland, Australia, South Africa, and Japan were selected according to the qualitative balance value in the international advanced TEAMS test, human development index, life quality index(health, instruction, and welfare), education quality index, and other scientific-scholarly indexes; finally, by extracting the criteria for the selection and appointment of principals through content analysis and comparison with Iran, the proposed framework for Iran has been presented.Findings: A total of 61 components for the selection of secondary school principals were identified from among the studies conducted in the selected countries in this article. By extracting the commonalities and differences of each of the components among the countries, it was found that the highest index of manager selection and appointment belongs to Japan and the lowest one is related to Finland.Conclusion: There are similarities between the components of selection of principals of secondary schools in Iran and selected countries. In Iran, special attention should be paid to important components such as adherence to religious principles, appropriate personality traits, creativity and innovation, motivation to develop capabilities, professional growth, power of supervision and accountability, social image, leader skills, and purposefulness and foresight.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

Pierre Legrand contends that comparatists often “do not compare; they assemble.” Not all comparisons that involve legal questions are part of comparative law. For example, it is not about comparing how different areas of law deal with a particular issue within the same country, nor about comparing law with other academic disciplines. Thus, one may adopt a wide view and allow anything that could also be a topic for a micro-legal analysis of domestic law. Such an approach is followed by some comparatists who, for instance, suggest that one can start with a question about the structure of the legal system. One of the aims of this book is to challenge traditional comparative law and promote alternative approaches. Yet, to start with, it is useful to discuss the ‘comparative legal method’ of traditional comparative law in some detail. For this purpose, part one explains how to design the key questions in comparative research. The second part focuses on the type and number of countries in comparative research. The third part deals with how to describe foreign laws and translate foreign legal terms. Part four outlines how a comparative legal analysis should be conducted. And finally (the fifth part) I deal with the application of comparative research in legislation.

Objective(s): Hospital accreditation is “ an external evaluation of a hospital’ s structures, processes, outputs and outcomes by an independent professional accreditation body using pre-established optimum standards” . Accreditation is a strategy for ensuring the quality, safety, effectiveness and efficiency of hospital services. The efficacy of an accreditation program depends on the validity of the accreditation governance, methods, standards, and the surveyors. Iran's hospital accreditation system faces some challenges. Benchmarking leading international accreditation bodies’ methods benefit the Iranian hospital accreditation system. Hence, this study aimed to compare the Iranian hospital accreditation methods with the world leading international hospital accreditation bodies’ methods. Methods: A comparative research was used in this study in 2019. The Iranian hospital accreditation methods was compared with those of the Joint commission international, the Accreditation Canada international and the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International. Framework analysis was used for the qualitative data analysis in this study. Results: While the Iranian hospital accreditation program is governmental and compulsory, the three leading international accreditation programs are private, not for profit, and voluntary. While Iran’ s hospital accreditation method includes the selfassessment and the on-site survey, the other countries use self-assessment, on-site survey, un-noticed survey, periodic review, examining key performance indicators and measuring patient satisfaction. The international accreditation award levels include “ Fully accredited” , Provisionally accredited” and “ Not accredited” and the accreditation certification is valid for 3-4 years. The Iran’ s accreditation certificate is valid for 2 years and consisted of 7 levels from “ Excellent” to “ Not accredited” . Conclusion: Complementary evaluation methods should be used to strengthen the validity and reliability of Iran’ s hospital accreditation program. Furthermore, the time period of the accreditation certificate validity should be increased and the awards levels should be decreased.

Comparative method is one of the oldest methods in the social science research. Nonetheless, its procedures are undergoing a continuing process of elaboration and sophistication. This paper initially attempts to explicate Ragin's QCA (Quantitative Comparative Analysis) method and its application in social sciences. QCA is a new method for the comparative analysis in the historical, political and sociological arenas. Finally, Cronqvist's MQCA (Multi-value Quantitative Comparative Analysis), as a more complicated version of Ragin' s QCA, will be discussed.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Comparative research is the study of similarities and differences between two or more cases (1). The history of comparative research methods can be traced back to ancient Greece (2). The present popularity of this research design is due to globalization and higher awareness of socio-cultural differences (2). Although comparative studies are widely used in different disciplines, such as philosophy, anthropology, sociology, law, education, politics, and health,there is a small number of texts on the principles and methodology of this research design (1–, 4). . .