The development of international trade law in the field of intellectual property results in the international disputes. Also intellectual property is being breached in non-contractual relationship. These facts cause disputes the subject and parties of which are related to different countries. For example a trademark has been registered in Iran, is being used illegally on goods produced in Germany that are distributed in France. Which court is competent in this case? There is no international treaty on this subject. So the extraction of rules should be done based on different documents relating to the other subjects. National rules are often tacit or synoptic. Defendant’, s domicile/residence, the place of registration and the place of harmful act are the most important grounds of jurisdiction in IP disputes.

Method: The present research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitatively. The research population was all employees of Qom University of Medical Sciences. A sample of 16 people was selected using the available method. The research tool was semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis and coding methods were used to analyze the data. Findings: Based on the results, in total, 31 causes were identified, which were categorized into two main themes and six sub-themes. The main theme of organizational causes includes six sub-themes of causes related to organizational culture, causes related to performance evaluation system, causes related to service compensation, managerial causes, causes related to job, and weak human resources development. The main theme of individual causes includes two sub-themes of contextual causes and behavioral/psychological causes. Conclusion: The current research has tried to show that the mere existence of competencies in the organization and among employees is not enough, and the application of these competencies is important for improving individual and organizational performance. Therefore, organizations should help to manage and solve these causes by identifying the causes of employees not using these competencies.

Introduction & objective: The centrality of clinical instruction for nursing education cannot be overstressed. Approximately fifty percent of the time spent in nursing education is devoted to clinical courses such as practical lab and clinical internship. In fact this part of educational career is believed to be of crucial importance to the shaping of the professional identity of the nursing students. The purpose of this study is to examine the criteria for identifying competent clinical teachers from the viewpoints of undergraduate nursing students.Methods: 25 nursing students were randomly selected. They took part in an interview in the form of group discussion. The data collected through interview were analyzed by Mores and Field's (1995) content analysis technique.Results: The findings showed that nursing students are highly dissatisfied with their instructors' competency. The most frequently mentioned criteria by the students were as fallows: educational management ability, proper communication with students and nurses, supporting students, clinical knowledge and skills, following moral principles and having high personal dignity.Discussion: Since students from their attitudes about their job, present values and norms mainly through clinical education, The significance of the issue places a heavy burden on the shoulders of the instructors. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate the mentioned characteristics into educational and clinical nursing systems in order to improve their quality and also to enhance students' motivation for learning.

Since management is one of the most important issues in the present time, knowing who a competent manager is and pinpointing his characteristics makes the significance of the given subject double. The reason is that assigning responsibility to competent people is one of the important steps, that is the person who is supposed to manage a group of people should enjoy special characteristics. Reviewing the Quran results in the idea that God chose prophets based on their qualifications, and all prophets from Adam to Mohammad had the characteristics necessary for a qualified leader and manager. Therefore, the present paper intends to find the principles and features mentioned in the Quran concerning the selection of leaders and managers who provide the society with the possibility of development.

Determining the competent court in electronic consumer contracts is considered an essential matter in e.commerce law. But it becomes more important when consumer contracts are at issue, because of his/her need to be protected.In this paper, first come contractual clauses which determine the competenet court and their conditions and restrictions, then are studied the connecting factors that are used to determine such a court in case the parties have failed to make a choice and their relevance in Cyber-space and the last part concerns the exceptional rules of consumer contracts.

This research contributes to improve the quality of higher education through introducing a model of good teacher in higher educational centers in Iran. To this purpose, a qualitative study was conducted by using content analysis approach. Fourteen professors from state universities were selected based on the viewpoints of the students, alumni, directors and their colleagues. The sampling technique was snowballing. To collect information, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were applied. The sample group included 38 teachers were interviewed and other notification means 112 interviews were done with the informants (students, alumni, and faculty director of the Department and their colleagues. Their classes were also observed 72 time by the observers and their assistants. The data processing and content analysis using open and axial coding were done. The features obtain in this process which were related to the professors included 34 components in three general categories of cognitive, emotional and behavioral. In the meantime, the categories that were more frequent in those who had more than 50 percent of the code took place in the pattern of qualified teachers.

After the law of nationalization of forests and pastures approved of 1963 by the Council of Ministers the site and superstructure of all forests, pastures, natural groves and forest lands are considered part of the public property and belongs to the government. Therefore, Deprivation of property from people based on this law and subsequent laws would lead to their objection to the diagnosis, and on the other hand, the government might consider its previous diagnoses to be incorrect and protest. For this reason, according to the requirements of the time, both before and after the revolution, the legislator has considered references to deal with possible protests, that Of course, due to the multitude of laws and ambiguities that sometimes exist in some legal articles, many confusions have arisen. In this article, the information of which has been collected in the form of a library, we are looking for answers to these questions by descriptive analytical method that what is the competent authority in the lawsuit against the nationalization of land and what should be the exact title of the demand in these lawsuits.

The Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1392 with subsequent amendments and additions, except for crimes under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Organization of the Armed Forces, preliminary investigation of crimes of persons under 15 years of age under the jurisdiction of juvenile court and preliminary investigation of crimes of persons aged 15 to 18 years Shamsi, with the exception of crimes against chastity, has considered the 7th and 8th degree ta'zir crimes under the jurisdiction of a branch of the city's Public and Revolutionary Prosecutor's Office as the Special Juvenile Court. However, according to Article 315 of this law, crimes subject to the jurisdiction of the First Criminal Court, as well as the Revolution, in cases that are tried by multiple judges, if committed by adults under the age of 18, a special juvenile criminal court will try them. شد. However, this law is ambiguous in terms of competent authorities for conducting preliminary investigations and prosecuting crimes under Article 302 committed by minors and adults under 15 years of age. The authors, in this article, based on the legal standards and general principles of criminal law, come to this conclusion. It was concluded that in the case of persons under the age of fifteen, if the person is a minor, the preliminary investigation and trial of public crimes or revolution covered by Article 302 of this law will be carried out by the juvenile court, but if the perpetrator is under the age of 15, the reference Preliminary investigation and trial, the criminal court is a special case for juvenile delinquency.

Undoubtedly, the connection of a right to civil liability arising from civil liability and compensation is the competent court to deal with the issue. In other words, the competent court will be liable to civil liability proceedings in respect of litigation and compensation. The legislator in the Code of Civil Procedure has established the criteria for the jurisdiction of the court and, in compliance with these criteria in cases involving civil claims, a lawsuit will be directed to the competent court. It is not surprising that, when it comes to the jurisdiction of a court in a particular matter It is doubtful whether the fair trial should be conducted fairly, because referral to a competent court is an integral part of a fair trial in all legal systems. It is important to note that the constituents in the thirty-fourth principle of the constitution point to this issue and refer to the competent court as the absolute right of each person.