Nowadays, all research efforts in the field of wet processing of textiles are directed towards shortening and simplification of the processing sequence. To minimise water and energy consumption, it has become necessary to combine several textile processing stages to reduce the number of operations or shorten the process time. An attempt was made to combine the pre-treatment and dyeing processes with optimal quantities of textile auxiliaries in single bath. In this process, individual stages of pre-treatment like desizing, scouring and bleaching followed by dyeing using direct dyes were carried out in a single bath without the usual intermediate washings. This process was carried out without replacing the liquor bath until the end of dyeing. An attempt was also made to dye a woven fabric at different stages, viz., grey, desizing and scouring. These efforts were made to conserve water and energy required for that particular pre-treatment process. The depth of dyeing and the colour fastness properties of all these dyed fabrics were then compared with a bleached fabric which was dyed with conventional method. The properties were at par with the conventional method. Moreover, the combined process saved 83.1% water, 88.6% energy (thermal) and 79.3% time than the conventional processes. Thus, the process has been shown to be ecological, economical and energy conserving.

Purpose: To investigate the features and outcomes of retinoblastoma (Rb) patients complicated by development of retinal detachment (RD) following systemic chemotherapy with or without local focal consolidation treatment and without external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Methods: A retrospective study of all Rb patients between April 2002 and April 2012 at a tertiary hospital center (Birmingham Children’ s Hospital and Birmingham Midlands Eye Centre, United Kingdom). All eyes that had developed RD during or after systemic treatment with or without local focal consolidation treatment were included in the study. The time interval between the type of treatment of Rb, development of RD and relevant surgical intervention were analyzed. Patients with exudative RD were treated conservatively through observation and patients with rhegmatogenous RD were treated with scleral buckling. Final anatomical retinal reattachment rate and visual acuity outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 258 patients were treated for Rb over the 10-year period. One hundred sixty-nine patients were managed with globe conserving treatment. Ten (5. 92%) eyes of 10 patients were complicated with RD. Five eyes were exudative or presumed exudative type of RD while the other five eyes were rhegmatogenous or presumed rhegmatogenous RD. In the exudative group, two patients achieved visual acuity (VA) of 0. 2 Single Kays (20/32 Snellen), and the other two patients achieved 0. 85 and 0. 86 Crowded Kays (20/142 and 20/145 Snellen), respectively, after the RD had resolved. The last patient in the group had to be enucleated due to tumor recurrences. The median time for the exudative RD to resolve is 15 weeks (range, 4e36 weeks). In the rhegmatogenous group, 3 of the 4 operated patients achieved retinal reattachment. The final postoperative VA ranged between 0. 05 Crowded Kays to 1. 84 Crowded Kays (20/22 to 20/1384 Snellen). The other patient was treated conservatively as no retinal breaks were found with previous cryotherapy and thermotherapy. The final VA in this patient was hand movement, and the RD did not reattach. The median time for the rhegmatogenous RD to reattach is 6 weeks (range, 4e8 weeks). There were no intra-and postoperative complications. Conclusions: With long-term conservative management through observation, exudative Rb after systemic treatment of Rb will tend to resolve by itself. However, supplementary local treatment with cryoretinopexy or laser photocoagulation during the systemic treatment of Rb can lead to an increased risk of rhegmatogenous RD. In these cases, most rhegmatogenous RD are successfully repaired with non-drainage scleral buckling and cryoretinopexy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fragmenting forests into small and isolated areas due to deforestation increases the risk of species loss. Management of fragmented forests is needed to mitigate global warming, diversify income, recycle nutrients and water resources, and provide habitat for many species. One form of forest resulting from fragmentation is customary forests, which are managed by indigenous communities. This study objectives were to 1) assess the vegetation structure and biodiversity within customary fragmented forests, 2) evaluate soil characteristics, 3) estimate their carbon storage potential, and 4) analyze community perceptions and management practices related to this forest. The goal is to support the sustainable management of customary fragmented forests by providing scientific and social insights to maintain their ecological functions and community benefits.METHODS: The research was conducted in the Imbo Putui Customary Forest in Petapahan Village, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Observations were conducted on 18 sample plots. Vegetation analysis was conducted to assess stand structure and composition, which formed the basis for calculating carbon stock potential. Biodiversity analysis was performed using open source software, which was used to calculate biodiversity indices (species richness, Shannon-Wienner diversity, and Simpson diversity). The analysis of variance was used for statistical tests comparing biodiversity metrics between tree and pole stage groups. Soil characteristics observed included physical, chemical, and biological aspects. Carbon stock was calculated on above-ground biomass with tree diameters greater than 10 centimeters. Flora and fauna diversity were identified from general literature, and community perceptions were obtained through field surveys using direct interviews.FINDINGS: Five species with the highest importance index are Scorodocarpus borneensis, Syzygium glabratum, Richetia hopeifolia, Santiria oblongifolia, and Xylopia malayana. The Shannon-Wienner index value was 1.75, indicating relatively high species diversity. Simpson''''''''s index value was 0.8 at tree level, indicating relatively lower dominance of some species and higher overall diversity. The soil is classified as Ultisol, which has low fertility and acidity. Cation exchange capacity and soil physical properties are suitable for supporting plant growth and soil water availability. Carbon sequestration potential is significant, with potential above-ground biomass of 177.24 tons per hectare and carbon stock of 83.30 t C/ha. Community perceptions are quite good towards conservation and environmental values, with a significance value greater than 0.05, indicating the same perceptions in all community structures and clusters.CONCLUSION: Imbo Putui Customary Forest is a fragmented forest with relatively high species diversity. The  site’s soil has good physical characteristics to support plant growth and groundwater availability. In general, the forest still has high conservation value,  significant carbon sequestration potential, positive community perceptions, and potential for sustainable use of ecosystem services.

A number of settlements that were formed and developed in the proximity of historical gardens maintained a historical connection with said gardens. It can be stated that the social, physical, cultural, and economic life of these settlements was intertwined with the historical gardens surrounding them. The existence of numerous rural settlements in the proximity of historic gardens in the Birjand region allows for the study of the relationship between these settlements and the historic gardens. The connection between settlements and historic gardens is a rarely discussed subject. These settlements in the Birjand region, along with historic gardens and other remaining components and elements, formed a cohesive and interconnected totality. Thus, it is necessary to protect these settlements, which are at risk of destruction in numerous cases, as they hold historic, social, economic, and cultural value. Given the difficulties of protecting these settlements due to the multi-faceted and sometimes irreversible issues, this study employs four international documents that could prove reliable as an initial basis for protection. Moreover, a number of matters that seemed necessary in the protection of these settlements were processed by referring to historical sources, field observations, and analyzing historical narratives of the settlement inhabitants who had real-life experiences from the 60s and 70s. Therefore, this study combines interpretation, observation, and narrative analysis in its methodology. The findings indicate the existence of at least three types of settlements in the Birjand region that have experienced different damages despite their similarities. These settlements fall into four categories based on the type and severity of damage. The damages inflicted on the Kalatehs (small villages) are considerable, as these settlements inherently derived their life from historical gardens and were heavily dependent on the ruling feudal landlord. Thus, the life-giving conservation approach, which largely involves restoration and revival measures, is recommended for these types of settlements. Conversely, protective measures such as maintenance and empowerment are suggested for rural settlements that existed prior to the formation of historical gardens and continue to maintain social and economic life.

Introduction: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy is the standard treatment for early stages of breast cancer. Margin status may significantly impact local recurrence (LR) in patients treated with BCS. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between margin status and LR. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective longitudinal study, we analyzed medical records of 1,716 breast cancer patients treated by BCS at Motamed Cancer Institute (MCI) from 2001 to 2020. The collected data included pathology report data, such as tumor size, axillary involvement, molecular subtype, margin status, histological grade, lymphovascular invasion, and LR, as well as demographic characteristics. Margins were defined as close if surgical margins were less than 2 mm, as free if surgical margins were higher than 2 mm, and as positive if malignant cells were present in one of the tissue edges. Results: It was found that 133 (7.7%) patients had LR. The mean follow-up time was 46.79 (±34.47) months. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of involved margins (OR=9.27; 95% CI: 2.08-41.36) and stage III of cancer (OR=6.69; 95% CI: 1.95-22.95) were correlated with LR. Conclusions: The findings indicated a low LR rate for breast cancer. Margin involvement and stage III breast cancer were correlated with high LR risk and should be considered for these patients before surgery to reduce the LR rate. Prospective trials and long-term follow-up are required to confirm these results.