The aim of the present paper is to review a novel modular constructional element for the building and construction industries that was patented by Coventry University. Modular elements have been used in the past in the construction of structures in order to speed construction and cut on time and cost. The modular element, the subject of this study, comprises hexagonal elements made of steel or other appropriate material, assembled together to form a constructional assembly of honeycomb form secured by fixings that clamp together the sides of adjacent elements. Concrete, or other appropriate material, is disposed within the elements providing a composite type of action. Reinforcement is also present in the form of bars or tubes, providing extra strength to the assembled element. The novel type of modular construction has potential applications in the building, construction, substructure and highways sectors. It could be used as a permanent or temporary structure for roofs and walls. It may also be used for concrete pavements, tunnelling, and retaining wall structures.

The aim of the present paper is to reviews a novel modular constructional element for the building and construction industries that was patented by Coventry University. Modular elements have been used in the past in the construction of structures in order to speed construction and cut on time and cost. The modular element, the subject of this study, comprises hexagonal elements made of steel or other appropriate material, assembled together to form a constructional assembly of honeycomb form secured by fixings that clamp together the sides of adjacent elements. Concrete, or other appropriate material, is disposed within the elements providing a composite type of action. Reinforcement is also present in the form of bars or tubes, providing extra strength to the assembled element. The novel type of modular construction has potential applications in the building, construction, substructure and highways sectors. It could be used as a permanent or temporary structure for roofs and walls. It may also be used for concrete pavements, tunneling, and retaining wall structures.

The theory of constructional perception is a new and innovative theory in the field of pragmatic perception-resembling in its requirements and implications traditional phronesis (practical wisdom)-which is finding new application and purposes. This theory provides a unique explanation of the formation of pragmatic human knowledge by mean of the individual's psycho-somatic dimensions interacting with his/her natural and social environments, which opens up new theoretical horizons in combined philosophies like ethics, law, politics, free will and epistemology. From a more general perspective, the theory offers rich possibilities for explaining and justifying political, economical and social statements and rules, culture and tradition. This theory can be postulated as the basis from which theorization in philosophies related to the humanities can be engaged.Moreover, apart from searching for the nature and quality of constructional perceptions and how it affects the individual mind as well as his/her social dimensions, we inquire upon the principles and the mechanisms of the relationship of these constructional perceptions with reality and “real perceptions” as well as the mechanisms of transformation at play. We also investigate how constructional perceptions become firmly fixed and how they affect reality or are affected by it.

John Rawls, American contemporary philosopher, has chosen the title of constructivism for his views on philosophy of ethics and politics. The base of his veiws is the same as the theory of social contract which has been discussed before by John Locke and Imanuel Kant. Rawls completes this view by the condition of impartiality and fairness, which is distinguished by ignorance about the position of self (the veil of ignorance) in primary situation. Rawls criticises intutionism and utilitarianism and holds an antirealistic approach towards ethics. The theory that has been delivered by Allame Tabatabee (the constructional perception) caused agreements and disagreements, but his idea seems to be new and effective in Islamic philosophy. Based on this idea many conceptions are constructive including goodness, badness and justice. The aim of this paper is to analyse and give a comparison between these ideas and studies similarities and differences with regard to topics such as antirealism, objectivity, criteria of justification and separation of science and ethics.

Behbahan is a town located in the south east of Khuzestan province in Iran. Although tribal-groups speak Lori or dialects near to it, in nearby villages surrounding Behbahan, Behbahani dialect is specifically spoken in this town. It belongs to a subdivision of south-West Iranian languages.This article focuses on the verbal construction in general and the function, place and relation of the personal endings and clitics specifically. The dialect is characterized by a split system in the behavior of its personal endings and clitics due to transitivity of the verbs and the tense system. Therefore, there are two different syntactic patterns, each including verbs sharing specific sets of personal endings, clitics and independent personal pronouns.The first pattern consists of intransitive verbs in both past and present tenses and transitive verbs in the present tense following the same pattern concerning the endings and the independent personal pronouns, whereas the second pattern deals with transitive verbs in the past. Past transitive verbs do not take verb personal endings when used in negative forms or in connection with other sentence elements, contrary to their usage in isolation and the verbs following the first pattern.

The SAVEH JAME mosque, like Isfahan’s and Ardestan’s Jame, was erected at different periods.Consideration of these constructions provides a lot of information about Iranian architectureevolution. Therefore, scholars analyze and separate the historical and physical periods in thesebuildings to understand Iranian architecture and the process of conversions correctly, based onhistorical method. Main four historical terms are suggested for SAVEH JAME mosque. Thiscategory is based on some criteria like techniques of architectural structure and covering, materials,date of ornaments and coincidence with the behind structure, precedence and subsequence offabrics and relation between them and old floors, comparative analysis with similar construction.Today, some important parts of the mosque that is retained consist in the trapezoid yard (Sahn),southern Shabestan, western and eastern Shabestan with adobe columns and arc between them,Ahang arc, columns of northern Shabestan, rotunda and its forward Ivan, high western Ivan,construction with cross plan in southwest, the northeast minaret and various Mehrab and otherdecorations like Mehrab. Physical aspects of the mosque are vague at first glance. Western Ivan,singular northeast minaret, entrances, ornaments of different terms are constituents without anyrelation with each other. This paper seeks to clarify the vague points by considering durationof mosque construction in different terms. Historical terms of mosque: 1. first term (primarymosque) (first Hegira century till the middle of fifth century) some adobe columns and somecolumns which are made from the combination of adobe and mud are remained from this duration.Moreover, there are some adobe arcs that connect these columns to each other. 2. Second term(the middle of fifth Hegira century till early in the seventh century) in this term, especially duringMalekshah kingdom, some important parts of Saveh mosque were completed. The foundationof the minaret was built. In addition, two Navs were omitted, then rotunda and its forward Ivanwere constructed, adobe columns and arcs between them were invigorated by brick and somedecorative elements were built of plaster on three northern columns in southern Shabestan. 3.Third term (seventh Hegira century till early in the tenth century) three Navs were removed anda high Ivan is constructed about 11 meters in length. Furthermore, some main inner elevationswere ornamented by brick. 4. Fourth term (early in the tenth Hegira century till the middle ofthirteen century) in this term, the general structure of mosque did not change a lot. Some parts ofconstruction (with structural problems) have been repaired. A cross plan, building was constructedin the southwest corner. Beside last arc (Tavizeh) and the next arch after it were omitted in westIvan and a half dome was constructed there. A new tow-layered domed construction with squareplan was constructed instead of an old domed construction with rectangular plan.

This paper is aimed at describing compound nouns and word formation in Persian from the standpoint of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 1991) and Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010). To this end, authors deny the existence of word formation rules as concatenation of morphemes and describe compound nouns from Langacker’ s usage-based model (Langacker, 2000), which includes word formation templates and hierarchical lexicon. Our aim in this study is to present arguments in favor of construction morphology approach to word formation in Persian. Based on this analysis, compounds including exocentric and endocentric compounds are dominated by the following schemas in Persian lexicon. The schema in (1) is the schema for endocentric compounds like 'č eš m pezeš k' (oculist). Exocentric compounds like naxon xoš k (scrooge), are not compositional so they are represented as specific constructions with a fixed meaning as (2). The schemas in (1) and (2) pair a form with a specific meaning in the form of a morphological construction. . . .

The rate of applying cruciform columns with bolted connection in double directed moment resisting frames and tubular systems has positive trend because of their architectural advantages. Construction of double plate for shear strengthening panel zone and continuity plate, with regard to special moment resisting frame requirement, needs convenient detail which is presented in this research. There was no applicable information in this research field, so new constructional details involving inclined plates and vertical angles were presented in order to strengthen the panel zone. Furthermore, the different welding configurations were studied. For this reason, 16 nonlinear numerical models were simulated to study different constructional detail of panel zone. In present research, steel material and weld behavior were evaluated by fracture indexes of material. Results show the performance of panel zone will be improved by using proposed constructional details.

Abstract Compounding is one of the most productive word-formation processes through which new words are formed. Concerning the semantic headedness, compounds are divided into endocentric compounds and exocentric compounds. This article examines Persian exocentric non-verbal compound nouns based on construction morphology theory (Booij, 2010) and explores the semantic relations in constructional schemas based on the semantic relations models of Jackendoff (2010) and Girju et al. (2005). The data is comprised of nearly 450 words and have been collected from Farhang Moɑser: Contemporary Persian Dictionary (1381) as well as media and daily conversations. According to the data, there were 9 semantic relations between the semantic head and the inner constituents of the noun compounds. Besides, there were 11 semantic relations between the inner constituents. Based on the derived constructional schemas, it was found that patterns produce the nouns of "instrument, plant, animal, location, food, part of something, job, profession, social status, job hierarchy, disease, material, sign, rhythm of a music/poem, geometric shape, object, prayer, game".. Keywords: Booij’s Construction Morphology, Constructional Schemas, Exocentric Non-verbal Compound Noun, Semantic Relations   Introduction Compounding is one of the most productive word-formation processes which has been studied through different approaches. This explains why there are various definitions of compounding and compounds introduced in the literature. Compounds are made of at least two lexeme words (Booij, 2005). Compound nouns fall into two classes: endocentric compounds and exocentric compounds. Exocentric compounds lack head words. A few researches have been conducted on exocentric compounds, especially non-verbal ones in Persian language. This study seeks to analyze two-constituent exocentric non-verbal compound nouns using Construction Morphology Theory (Booij, 2010). This approach defines a morphological constituent by its form and meaning; therefore, it makes it possible to introduce regular patterns that produce these kinds of words and determine schemas to use them for making new nouns. Applying semantic relations into the schemas and defining semantic heads help us into more accurate and generalized patterns. The framework of Semantic Functions (Jackendoff, 2010) and Semantic Relations (Girju et al., 2005) are applied to extract the semantic relations.   Materials and methods This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and Construction Morphology Theory (Booij, 2010). The database included approximately 450 two-constituent exocentric non-verbal compound nouns collected from main entries and sub-entries of Farhang Moɑser: Contemporary Persian Dictionary (1381). In addition, words were randomly collected from media, daily conversations and using the internet search engines. According to the applied theoretical framework, Booij (2005) maintains that a compound is a noun which is comprised of at least two lexemes, with no functional morpheme. Therefore, we refused to include compound nouns with grammatical lexemes. The data were analyzed in two phases. Firstly, the words were categorized concerning the semantic relations between the semantic head and inner constituents. Secondly, semantic relation types were investigated and a specific schema was presented for each group. The data were then classified according to semantic heads and schemas in order to present patterns for new word formation.   Discussion and conclusions The analysis of the two-constituent exocentric non-verbal compound nouns in Construction Morphology Theory (Booij, 2010) suggested 9 semantic relations between the semantic head and the inner constituents of the noun compounds. These semantic relations included “HAVING, PART-WHOLE, CAUSE, PLACE, TIME, ARGUMENT SCHEMA, PROTECTION, PURPOSE and SIMILARITY”. Besides, 11 semantic relations between the inner constituents were recognized, including “HAVING, PART-WHOLE, PLACE, TIME, ARGUMENT SCHEMA, PROTECTION, PURPOSE, ATTRIBUTE-HOLDER, SIMILARITY, MEASURE and TOPIC”. Based on the derived constructional schemas, 19 patterns were introduced to produce the nouns of "instrument, plant, animal, location, food, part of sth, job, profession, social status, job hierarchy, disease, material, sign, rhythm of a music/poem, geometric shape, object, prayer, game". According to Construction Morphology, (2010) it is the construction that specifies semantic heads and semantic relations between the semantic head and inner constituents not the compound constituents. Booij (2010, 36-38) believes that the semantics of exocentric compounds is a holistic property, like the »agent/instrument« sense in the French word “coupe-onge” meaning “nail clipper”. Besides, the results revealed that a continuum of abstraction can be assumed for the schemas dominating exocentric nonverbal noun compounds. General schemas, in which both slots are empty, have the highest degree of abstractions. If one slot is filled, the schema is known as partially-lexically-filled schemas and has lower degree of abstraction. Among datas, there were some cases in which a schema can produce a word with seemingly two different meanings like «گوش فیل» (/guʃfil/) generated by the general schema »[[X]Ni [Y]Nj]Nk ↔   [ENTITY SIMILAR to parti of animalj] «refering to  a plant and  a pastry. In these cases, it was assumed that the general schema was divided into two subschemas. We also came to cases where words apparently similar to each other were produced by different schemas. According to Rainer (2005) these similar words with different meanings should be called homonyms. It is worth noting that according to Booij (2010) , these words are not subject to constructional polysemy. The derived data were then classified according to semantic heads and schemas in order to present patterns for new word formation. Moreover, the conclusions are helpful to determine the definitions of words and semantic domains in lexicography. The following table presents some sample schemas, derived from the database to make animal names. By paring form and meaning in constructions, Construction Morphology helps to investigate compound nouns in terms of both structure and meaning, and not just structure or meaning.   Schemas of naming animals Schemas example [[X]Numi [pɑ]N]Nk ↔ [ANIMAL HAVING legs with AMOUNTi]k هزارپا (/hezɑrpɑ/) [[X]Ai [Y]Nj]Nk ↔ [ANIMAL HAVING thingj with PROPERTYi]k سیاه گوش (siyɑhguʃ/) [[X]Ni [sorx]A]Nk ↔ [ANIMAL HAVING parti of body with (RED) PROPERTY]k سینه سرخ (/sinesorx/) [[X]Ni [Y]Nj]Nk ↔ [ANIMAL HAVING partj of body SIMILAR to thingi]k آلوسر (/ɑlusar/) [[X]Ni [Y]Nj]Nk ↔ [ANIMAL HAVING thingi in LOCATIONj]k خارتن (/xɑrtan/) [[xar]N [Y]Ni]Nk ↔ [ANIMAL HAVING parti of body with (BIG) PROPERTY]k خرگوش (xarguʃ/)