Neonatal hyperbilirobinemia is observed in more than 60% of newborns in the first week of life. . . .

Dry cupping is one of the main procedures in many traditional medicine systems all around the world with its root in antiquity. Traditional method of dry cupping is depended on practitioner proficiency and can lead to skin burn if the practitioner is a beginner.On the other hand, Zahrawi (11th century AD), the Muslim physician from Andulus (current Spain) presented two novel forms of cup for cupping to improve and correct cupping problems. In this regards, based on the model described in Al-Tasreef, we tried to redesign and manufacture the tools. These tools were made from galvanized iron owing to its nonconductivity of heat. Zahrawi models were compared with traditional model (with the same material and size) by negative pressure of mercury as well as qualitative test performed by a traditional practitioner. The results showed the superiority of Zahrawi’s models (9792Pa and 10200Pa) over the traditional model, displaying a better and more stable vacuum pressure (mean: 8704 Pa with variation in repeat the test). Furthermore, the introduced models are user friendly; i.e., every practitioner, even the beginner without specialized skill, may work with them easily. Therefore, the new model is suggested for dry cupping.

Although optic disc cupping is mostly seen in glaucoma patients, it can occur in non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies (NGON). The characteristics of NGON are cupping toxic optic neuropathies, optic neuritis, compressive ischemia, and hereditary nature. The basic components of optic disc cupping are prelaminar and laminar. Prelaminar thinning, which seemed to be non-specific, occurs in all types of retinal ganglion cell axon loss,such as compressive, ischemic, and inflammatory events,glaucoma,and aging. This form of cupping is usually shallow, with less excavation of the optic disc. Laminar type of cupping which is a clinically profound type of cupping, may damage peripapillary scleral and lamina cribrosa. Sometimes experienced clinicians cannot clearly distinguish glaucomatous from non-glaucomatous cupping. The non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy has more neuroretinal rim pallor with less excavation of the disc than in glaucoma. It also involves central visual acuity and color vision in primary levels with visual field defects aligned vertically and respecting the midline. Evaluation of the patient’, s medical records, disease presentation, ocular function, and examination are also crucial. Secondary examinations, including visual field examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) or neuroimaging, facilitate the disease’, s differentiation. This review presents the methods of examining a patient with an increased cup-to-disc ratio.