Cyanobacterial peptides are a group of promising natural therapeutic agents that have been extensively studied in recent years. They can be valuable pharmaceuticals or lead compounds in developing novel therapeutics for various diseases, especially cancers, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, which are the most important challenges of medicine today. HIGHLIGHTS Cyanobacteria are a valuable source of natural metabolites, including bioactive peptides. Cyanobacterial peptides include ribosomal synthesized and nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). Therapeutic applications of cyanobacterial peptides in different diseases have been reported.

Background: Secondary metabolites derived from cyanobacteria exhibit diverse applications in biotechnology, particularly in the field of medicine. Throughout history, cyanobacteria have received less attention compared to other microbial sources of natural products despite their potential. Therefore, this review aims to explore the recent advancements in the medical and therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria, aiming to further understand the valuable medicinal potential of these organisms. Methods: In this paper, relevant articles published between 2020 and 2023 were scrutinized in databases such as Springer, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and John Wiley to obtain the latest findings regarding the medical applications of cyanobacteria. Utilizing the MeSH database, appropriate keywords were identified, leading to the selection of 66 recent reviews and research articles for comprehensive analysis. Findings: Biologically active molecules derived from cyanobacteria have a wide range of activities, including antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, anti-HIV, and protease inhibitory activities. Indeed, cyanobacteria serve as a valuable microbial source for the production of novel drugs, requiring only basic minerals for growth. Conclusion: Modern techniques and microwave-assisted extraction methods enable the rapid isolation of bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria. These approaches play a pivotal role in in developing new therapies and further utilization of cyanobacteria in advancing green technologies in the future.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Disposable diapers have become a complicated matter due to the risk generation to the environment and human health. This study presents a description of disposable diapers characteristics and the success-proven methods used to handle this waste. In many developing countries where an inadequate waste management system occurs, the handling method selection must consider effectivity, the affordable cost, and the end product quality. Despite the diaper composting has successfully conducted in several previous studies, some issues remain for researchers to address. Thus, it requires an improvement so that the system runs effectively and sustainably. This study aimed to determine the possibility of using Cyanobacteria for enhancing the diapers composting. METHODS: This study gains insights from previous studies using a literature review method, with the year of publication between 2007 to 2020. The focus of the investigation relates to disposable diapers composting and its optimation by cyanobacteria addition. And so as the future prospecting for application and implication to the environment and human life. FINDINGS: Cyanobacteria ability to carry out nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, ubiquitous in natural habitat, highly adaptive in a wide range environmental condition, can live in the composting system, perform bioremediation, and its application as quality fertilizer, and potentially degrade plastic polymers, spread the expectation to cyanobacteria which associated with its advantages over other microorganisms to enhance the disposable diapers composting. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential utilization of cyanobacteria as an opportunity for copping disposable diapers pollution. The application of compost resulted expected to provide promising-advantages to the environmental sustainability and agriculture. This paper proposes an overarching review of the feasibility in this regard.

Background and Purpose: The manufacturing process of petroleum-derived goods poses a significant environmental hazard, with the emission of toxic compounds like greenhouse gases posing risks to humans, flora, and fauna. Notably, cyanobacteria emerge as crucial entities due to their potential as sources for degradable plastics and biofuels. Cyanobacteria can harness and assimilate atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide, utilizing them for growth even in inhospitable environments such as barren soils and saline waters. This adaptability renders them promising candidates for producing biodegradable plastics and biofuels. Nevertheless, the full spectrum of their capabilities remains incompletely understood. Hence, this review aims to explore the potential of cyanobacteria in producing degradable plastics, along with strategies for enhancing their production and subsequent commercialization. Materials and Methods: This review synthesized relevant articles published between 2020 and 2023 from databases including Springer, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and John Wiley to procure the latest insights into the cyanobacteria's potential in degradable product synthesis. Employing appropriate keywords from the MeSH site, we identified thirty new review and research articles pertinent to the subject matter. Results: Analysis revealed that cyanobacteria exhibit variable capacities for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production, with the highest (77%) and lowest (less than 0. 005%) yields observed in Alusira fertilisima CCC444 and Anabaena cylindric, respectively. Moreover, genetic manipulations have yielded promising results, with PHB biosynthesis increasing by up to 35% in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Cyanobacterial strains like Synechocystis consortia, Spirulina platensis, Anabaena circinalis, and Nostoc muscorum exhibit metabolic traits conducive to the economical and sustainable production of biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and PHB, among other copolymers. Conclusion: Augmenting culture mediums with supplements like carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCD), monofluoroacetate, L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine (MSX), and azaserine has been shown to enhance PHB production by nearly 20%. Furthermore, the natural synthesis of plastics from biodegradable sources mitigates reliance on fossil fuels, rendering the process environmentally sustainable. However, the commercialization of degradable products derived from cyanobacteria faces challenges due to the comparatively lower volume of biological products and their reduced accumulation compared to heterotrophic bacteria.