In the present study, a new type of an encapsulate pesticide was prepared by Coacervation method. Lambda-CYHALOTHRIN was encapsulated due to interaction between two oppositely charged materials, gelatin and gum Arabic as shell in a complex Coacevation process at the presence of 10 mol etoxylated nonyl phenol (NPE) which is a kind of a non-ionic emulsifier to enhance the homogenization of the product and size control. Spherical shape of capsules were scanned by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope. The encapsulation efficiency was achieved 96% and analyzed by Gas chromatography equipped with FID detector (GC-FID). From the results of release study, 49, 63, 89% of encapsulated materials were released from their shell after 15, 30, 180 min respectively. The present study, applies a convenient and inexpensive method to introduce a pesticide, which can be exploited in public health field.

Background: Lambda-CYHALOTHRIN (LCT) belongs to pyrethroid insecticides, the use of which has increased for pest control. It is essential to study the effects of LCT on the DNA of living organisms to prevent its mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Currently, there is a lack of information on the effects of LCT on humans. This study examined the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of LCT insecticides on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Methods: We examined the cytotoxicity of LCT at serial concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µM using an MTT assay. Four concentrations of LCT at 0.5, 1, 25, and 50 µM were selected from the cytotoxicity curve and subjected to a comet assay to assess genotoxicity. Results: The results of the MTT assay showed that LCT inhibited cell proliferation at 1 µM concentration of the 5% formulation, while the other concentrations of LCT at 0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µM increased cell proliferation rates by 10, 1, 4, 20, 59, and 76%, respectively. The results of the comet assay provided evidence that the LCT insecticide induced a statistically significant increase in DNA damage in DPSCs at all tested concentrations compared to those of the negative controls (P>0.05). Conclusion: The LCT insecticide was genotoxic to DPSCs but was not cytotoxic at the tested concentrations, except at 1 μM. Instead, it increased cell proliferation. This suggests that LCT may function through an additional mechanism that mimics that of estrogen and may potentially become a candidate as a xenoestrogen.

Background and Objectives Flea beetles are the main pests of oilseed rape which the adult beetles cause damage via feeding on cotyledons and early leaves of crop. They gnaw small round holes into leaves, decreasing assimilation surface and slowing down plant's growth. Heavy damage at the early stage of cotyledons may destroy the plant. The critical period of damage on the crop is from germination and cotyledon stage until the appearance of 4–6 true leaves, later the damage is less harmful. Control of this pest mostly depends on using chemical pesticides via seed dressing and/or foliar application. This study aimed to estimate the effects of new chemical insecticides to control this pest in Iran. Materials and Methods To chemical control flea beetles, the project was carried out in a Randomized Complete Blocks Design with six treatments and three replications in the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan in 2018. The treatments were alpha-cypermethrin 15% WDG, with two doses (300 g/ha and 150 g/ha), lambda-CYHALOTHRIN CS10% (75 ml/ha), malathion EC 57% (600 ml/ha), thiacloprid OD24% (300 ml/ha) and control. Sampling and counting of the flea beetles were done 1 day before and 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment via counting the cached beetles on yellow sticky traps (one trap in the center of each plot) as well as the active beetles in a 0.5×0.5m quadrate in each plot center. Fourteen days after treatment, the percentage of infested plants and leaf surface damage were measured. The beetle's mortality was calculated by the Henderson-Tilton formula. Data were analyzed with SAS ver. 9 software, and the means were compared using Duncan.  Results All insecticides showed a significant difference at 1% probability level comparing with control. Alpha-cypermethrin with 300 and 150g/ha and lambda-CYHALOTHRIN in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces with 87.17,84.19, 81.66; 76.66, 86.12, and 76 percentage efficacies had the highest effectiveness in control the pest, respectively. Malathion in Mazandaran and Golestan with 24.59% and 22.66% and thiaclopride 14.01% and 19%, respectively, were less effective in controlling and reducing flea beetles damage on the crop. Moreover, the percentage of infested plants was significantly different among insecticides 14 days after treatment at a probability level of 1%. Discussion Pest management of canola flea beetles faces ecological challenges and severe dependence on synthetic chemical pesticides. Insufficient soil moisture, late planting, unsuitable planting beds, and hot and sunny days with dry winds in the early growing stages of canola in autumn increase the damage and reduce the green area of the field in a short time. Due to the unsatisfactory effect of biological substances and plant compounds on canola flea beetles, chemical insecticides are one of the main options to reduce the population of this distractive pest in rapeseed fields. In various studies, in addition to chemical insecticides, biological compounds and botanical insecticides were tested to manage the control of pest. But in most cases, chemical insecticides were more effective. Therefore, determining the appropriate time for application and using effective insecticides are integral parts of the pest control strategy. This study's result showed that alpha-cypermethrin 15% WDG (150 and 300 g/ha) and lambda-CYHALOTHRIN CS10% (75 ml/ha) could be used as new insecticides to control canola flea beetles.

The Sunn pest is the major insect problem of cereal, especially wheat and barley in Iran. Chemical control is the most effective and frequently used control method against sunn pest. Most treatments to control of this pest are done when adults and nymphs are in fields with the highest number. It means chemical materials are used against overwintering adults and nymphs. For several years, two commercially insecticides, deltamethrin and fenitrothion, have used for achieving control of sunn pest were. A new project was designated to evaluate efficiency of a newly introduced chemical insecticide to control the pest. Insecticides were tested in two locations in Ghazvin and Kermanshah provinces. For comparison, two formulations of Deltamethrin, Deltamethrin EC 2.5%, Deltamethrin SC 2.5% , a formulation of Fenitrothion, Fenitrothion EC50% and lambda CYHALOTHRIN ( Karate zone CS100® ) were tested based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. All chemicals were tested against both 2nd nymphal stages and overwintering adults. Two concentration of Deltamethrin SC 2.5%, 250 and 300 ml/ha, and two of Karate zone CS100, 75 and 100 ml/ha, were tested. Average mortality percent of overwintered adults in two locations, were 84.94, 88.2, 87.93, 92.2, 90.65, 93.11 respectively and for nymphal stages 85.92, 92.18, 95.37, 90.35, 92.14 and 94.32 respectively. The results of the experiment showed no statistically significant difference between treatments and all insecticides can be effective in reducing the percentage of quantitative and qualitative damage. The efficiency of treatment by two insecticides, Deltamethrin SC 2.5% and Karate zone CS100 for 20 days after spraying was more than 70 percent so these insecticides are recommended to be included in a pesticide rotation with others for reducing the probability of resistance biotype formation in sunn pest.

Introduction: The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), is one of the most serious household insect pests. Current control strategies rely heavily upon application of various formulations of insecticides. The purpose of the present study was to test the short-term effects of formulation of capsule suspension in comparison with formulations of wet table powder and emulsifiable concentrate of lambda-CYHALOTHRIN on German cockroach adults and to choose the most appropriate formulation for practical control measures.Methods: Cockroaches were collected by hand catch and trap, and reared at 27±2 c and 60±10% R.H with a photoperiod of 12:12 (L: D) h. Contact toxicity of three types of lambda-CYHALOTHRIN formulations: emulsifiable concentrate- EC (ICON 5 EC), capsule suspension-CS (DEMAND 10 CS) and wettable powder-WP (ICON 10 WP) were compared against German cockroach adults, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattellidae). Six concentrations of each formulation were used with ten replicates.Results: The Result showed that the most potent formulation was WP with the LC50 values of 9.87 and 12.24 mg ai. m-2 against males and females, respectively. The formulation of CS attained LC50 values of 11.02 and 13.42 mg ai. m-2 and that the formulation of EC attained the values of 12.30 and 15.01 mg ai. m-2 against males and females, respectively.Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the formulation of WP has high insecticidal activity against German cockroach.

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae is one of the most important insect pests of cabbage in Iran. Chemical insecticides are considered as the key tools in controlling this pest. However, a major issue with these synthetic chemicals is cabbage contamination with their residues and as well as development of resistance by the pest. The present study evaluated the toxicity of spirotetramat, spiromesifen, thiamethoxam + lambda-CYHALOTHRIN and azadirachtin to the cabbage aphid through contact, systemic and contact-systemic methods. Different bioassay methods were applied to assess the probable differences in toxicity of these insecticides. The results showed that thiamethoxam + lambda-CYHALOTHRIN was more effective than three other insecticides to adult cabbage aphid with contact method and was more lethal than the spirotetramat in the systemic method on adult cabbage aphid. Spiromesifen was less effective than three other insecticides on adults in contact-systemic method. Thiamethoxam + lambda CYHALOTHRIN was more effective than the spiromesifen on the nymphs by contact than spirotetramat and azadirachtin by systemic methods. In the contact-systemic method, thiamethoxam + lambda-CYHALOTHRIN was more effective than spiromesifen and azadirachtin on nymphs. The results indicated higher toxicity of thiamethoxam + lambda-CYHALOTHRIN on the adult and nymphal stages of B. brassicae. Hence, it can be recommended in integrated management programs for the control of this pest.

Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) known as the African Cotton Leaf worm or Egyptian Cotton Leaf worm is one of the most common pests of cotton in the region of Adena, Turkey. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a synthetic pyrethroid) GammaCYHALOTHRIN) and neonicotinoids) Imidacloprid) on the pest to find out the resistance inducing process during several generations. Induced resistance to gamma-CYHALOTHRIN up to 12 generations and to Imidacloprid for 7 generations was studied by assessing the resistance ratio (RR) of LC50 and LC90 with confidence limit of %95. The resistance ratios (RR) for LC50 and LC90 of gammaCYHALOTHRIN were calculated 16.85 and 18.82 and for Imidacloprid were 9.76 and 8.68, respectively.In order to study the effect of synergists on the insecticides, three different synergists including S, S, S-tributilfosforotritioat (DEF, (piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were used and compared the Synergism Ratio (SR) with control. The highest SR for both insecticides belonged to application of DEM synergist. It is concluded that DEM could be recommended to be applied with Gamma-CYHALOTHRIN and Imidacloprid to prevent or postpone the resistance induction into S.littoralis.

Cereals, as the major and important sources of food for humans, are usually stored in warehouses until consumption so they may be attacked by stored products pests. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the economic damages of such pests as the main issue. One of the important pests of cereals, especially wheat, is the wheat weevil, Sitophilus granarius. In the current study, the sole and combined effects of phosalone, lambda-CYHALOTHRIN and Beauveria bassiana, were studied on wheat weevil. Bioassays of the insecticides were carried out by contact residue exposure method, while B. bassiana bioassay was done by immersion method. Mortality of the adult treated by insecticides was recorded after 24 hours, while the exposure time was 10 days for B. bassiana. Also, the combined effect of the insecticides and the isolates of fungus B. bassiana were evaluated on adult insects. The LC50 values of phosalone and lambda-CYHALOTHRIN were 2.82 and 0.22 µg a.i./ml, respectively, while the LC50 values of OZ1 and OZ2 isolates of B. bassiana were reported to be 9.3×104 and 9.03×104 conidia per ml, respectively. Results of the combined effect of insecticides and B. bassiana isolates showed that phosalone and lambda-CYHALOTHRIN were synergistic for B. bassiana lethality against S. granarius. In general, it can be concluded that the initial treatment with low concentrations of phosalone and lambda-CYHALOTHRIN significantly enhances the killing effect of B. bassiana.