Introduction: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is an infectious or noninfectious process that leads to gross hematuria originating from the urinary bladder mucosa.Case Report: A previously healthy 2.5-year old boy referred to our center five hours after ingestion of 120 mL (6 g) of cephalexin suspension with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and gross hematuria. The results of a general physical examination were unremarkable except for mild suprapubic tenderness. He was admitted to hospital and hydrated. Laboratory tests on admission showed a normal CBC and electrolytes, normal PT and PTT, negative coombs test, many RBCs per high-power field (HPF) in urine, and normal urinary tract sonography. Within 24 hours, the urine was cleared, showing only 1 to 2 red blood cells per high power field and no changes in CBC, electrolytes or kidney function tests. His urine culture was negative.Conclusion: Although there are reports of antibiotics- induced HC, the rarity of cephalosporines and cephalexin induced hemorrhagic cystitis encourage us to report this child.

A 26-year-old man, known case of urinary calculus disease, presented with the chief complaint of 1 episode of hematuria. Investigations revealed normal blood hemoglobin level, total leucocyte count, kidney function tests, and urine microscopic examination, except for alkaline urine pH. Urine cytology revealed no atypical cells. Urine aerobic culture revealed growth of Enterobacteriaceae for which antibiotics were started...

Polypoid cystitis is a benign exophytic mucosal lesion of the bladder. Differentiating it from papillary transitional cell carcinoma is difficult due to their similar characteristics. Although indwelling catheter is the main well-known cause of polypoid cystitis, some case reports unrelated to catheterization have been described. However, the radiological findings of polypoid cystitis have rarely been reported. We hereby describe polypoid cystitis in a 20-year-old man without a history of catheterization along with the computed tomographic findings.

The diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis is made when gas is visualized within the bladder wall on radiologic or ultrasound imaging and typically develops as a complication of lower urinary tract infection from gas forming bacteria. Its presentation varies from being asymptomatic to severe abdominal pain and requires a high index of suspicion in susceptible individu-als to make the diagnosis and avoid potentially serious complications. Here we present a case of emphysematous cystitis along with a brief review of the literature.

Background: Cylophosphamide is used alone or in combination with other drugs for treatment of neoplastic diseases. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a major potential toxicity and dose limiting side effect of cyclophosphamide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lycopene compared with some antioxidants for the prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Methods: In this study, male Sparague-Dawley rats divided into 17 groups of six animals. Group 1 received saline (10 ml/kg, i.p) as normal control, group 2 received cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i.p) as a single dose, groups 3-10 received Mesna (40 mg/kg, i.p), N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg i.p), dithiotheritol (50 mg/kg, i.p), L-carnitine (200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p), grape seed extract (500 mg/kg i.p) and lycopene (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, i.p) alone. Groups 11-17 received Mesna (40 mg/kg, i.p), N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, i.p), dithiotheritol (50 mg/kg, i.p), L-carnitine (400 mg/kg, i.p), grape seed extract (500 mg/kg, i.p) and lycopene (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, i.p), 5 minutes before, and 2 and 6 hours after administration of 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Pathological and biochemical analysis was evaluated 24 hours after cyclophosphamide administration. Results: Mesna and N-acetylcysteine resulted in some but not full protection against cyclophosphamide toxicity compared to the controls. Lycopene (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) was efficient in protecting the bladder from cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis. However, dithiotheritol, L- carnitine and grape seed extract did not prevent hemorrhagic cystitis. Conclusion: Our results suggest that pre and co- treatment of lycopene (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) with cyclophosphamide may have therapeutic potential to inhibit the hemorrhagic cystitis by cyclophosphamide.