Chance is more general than luck. Luck is used in the case of human but Chance is used in other cases too. These two words have several usages: 1- Interpretation of aphenomenon by unknown causes which are beyond man’s intellects. 2-A phenomenon that only has a material cause and lacks an efficient cause (causa operativa) and a final cause (causa intentionalis). 3-A phenomenon that lacks final cause although it has other causes. 4-A phenomenon which is done for a certain goal but ends to another one. 5- The lack of causal correlation. In the first usage, that invisible cause must be searched for in the cycle of causes, not beyond that. For the second usage, the formation of the world from scattered particles accidentally and without a cause and an intelligentagent and as a result without a final cause is brought as an example; while this hypothesis is faced with many problems like purposefulness of the world of nature which indicates to the existence of an efficient cause and afinal cause. The hypothesis of the third usage is correct concerning the element of the action but it is not correct in relation to the action individually and it does not lack a goal. For the fourth usage, the example of digging the earth for water and gaining a treasure by Chance is mentioned. In this case the previous statement (finality concerning the action individually) is correct too.

In this paper, a model of an optimal control problem with Chance constraints is introduced. The parameters of the constraints are fuzzy, random or fuzzy random variables. To defuzzify the constraints, we consider possibility levels. By Chance-constrained programming the Chance constraints are converted to crisp constraints which are neither fuzzy nor stochastic and then the resulting classical optimal control problem with crisp constraints is solved by the Pontryagin Minimum Principle and Kuhn-Tucker conditions. The model is illustrated by two numerical examples.

Convexity theory and duality theory are important issues in math- ematical programming. Within the framework of credibility theory, this paper rst introduces the concept of convex fuzzy variables and some basic criteria. Furthermore, a convexity theorem for fuzzy Chance constrained programming is proved by adding some convexity conditions on the objective and constraint functions. Finally, a duality theorem for fuzzy linear Chance constrained pro- gramming is proved.

Background: In IVF/ICSI treatment, several attempts have been made to quantify the implantation potential of embryos in order to optimize the pregnancy rate. The objective was to determine the possible factors which might have positive impact on implantation.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 110 IVF- ICSI cycles as first trial for ART programs. Maternal and ovulation factors such as female age, body mass index, type of infertility, infertility diagnosis, duration of ovulation stimulation, numbers of aspirated and fertilized oocytes, day of ET, were compared in high (³2 gestational sacs) and low implantation groups (one or no sac). All analyses were adjusted for age and PCO subgroups in line with the design of the study.Results: Our results showed that there were significant differences in follicle size between high and low implantation groups (19.32±0.37 vs. 18.07±0.32 respectively) (p= 0.014). Mean number of grade (V) oocytes was also statistically greater in high implantation group (p=0.035). Our results were also compared based on age and PCO diagnosis. Women younger than 35 years old in high implantation group had higher number of grade (V) oocytes than the other group (p=0.038). Assessing our results based on PCO diagnosis, we found that the number of oocytes grade (IV) were significantly higher in high implantation group with non PCOs diagnosis (4.82±2.87 vs. 4.25±3.6) (p=0.043). Non PCO women in low implantation group had also greater number of grade II oocytes compared to the other group (p=0.017). The mean follicle size was significantly greater in high implantation group than the other group (19.32±2.17 versus 18.07±1.76) (p=0.014).Conclusion: Follicle size, and oocyte quality have positive effect on high implantation potential.

One of the key issues for investors is the issue of creating an optimal stock portfolio. In the issue of choosing an portfolio, the decision maker faces different and sometimes conflicting goals such as rate of return, liquidity, dividend, and risk. In portfolio optimization, the main issue is the optimal choice of assets and securities that can be made with a certain amount of capital, but on the one hand, the uncertainties associated with each share, and, on the other hand, the multiplicity of the optimal portfolio selection model, on the complexity of the problem increases. In this paper, the portfolio optimization under uncertainty has been studied. A randomized approach to converting uncertainty into a state of definiteness and agreeing to plan for a single objective is used in combination. Information about 20 pharmaceutical companies from the Tehran Stock Exchange has been used and the validity of the model has been investigated. The results show that the stock portfolio offered has a high performance.

According to Marx's interpretation, in the Democritean system, atoms move in a vacuum according to a blind necessity. Applying the word "accidental" to the Democritus system does not imply the unpredictable or causeless movement of atoms; rather, it indicates the absence of a prior plan or specific end in the creation of the worlds. It's as if the atoms are moving in one direction, the end of which is the creation of worlds. Epicurus, unlike Democritus, does not believe in the existence of an inviolable necessity in the movements of atoms and includes the declination of the atom from the straight line as a sign of accidental movement in his atomistic system. It is with declination as an accidental movement that basically the creation of worlds begins. So the basis of the creation of worlds is Chance. Epicurus believes in the accidental movement of atoms, and in the process of creating the worlds, he does not assume any prior plan. Epicurean Chance indicates both the negation of the end and the accidental movements of atoms in declination from a straight line.

Sometimes due to the fault of another, a "person" losses the Chance to obtain the benefit or avoid the future loss, so that the mere loss of Chance is considered as direct damage and not to compensate this such Chance has a corrupt consequence and is against fairness, then increases the other acts of guilt in which its compensation cause to avoid such acts. The loss of Chance is discussed in both matters of civil liability and contractual affairs; each of them (civil and contractual liability) can apply as avoiding the loss or obtaining the benefit. This is not yet clear in Islamic jurisprudence and domestic law. Of course in Islamic jurisprudence by accepting the loss compensation due to indisputable loss of profits and make a risk, this theory has been applied to some sort. In objective law this responsibility is accepted in contracts such as Bailment of a Capital, Reward and Article 6 of civil responsibility law, but it cannot obtain a rule in the. The main question of this research is that whether the damage caused by the lost Chance is irreparable or not? The hypothesis of this research appears that the opportunity death of obtaining benefit or avoid the loss cause the responsibility. The findings of this research show the responsibility of the lost Chance and opportunity including civil responsibility in a strict sense on one hand, and the other hand it includes contract responsibility. So it is obvious that fundaments of each of these responsibilities should be compensated for the fulfillment capabilities, otherwise, there is so doubt in non compensation of such loss due to not come to pass the fundaments of these two responsibilities.

Introduction: Zenker's diverticulum is an acquired sac-like outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa layers originating at the pharyngoesophageal junction. The predominant symptom of Zenker’, s diverticulum is dysphagia. Videofluoroscopy confirms the diagnosis. Forestier disease is a clinical entity characterized by ossification of anterolateral vertebral ligament and anterior osteophyte formation along the anterolateral spinal column. Its etiopathogenesis remains unknown and common symptoms are dysphagia, dysphonia and airway obstruction. The objective of this study is to identify a pathophysiological correlation between Forestier disease and the onset of Zenker’, s diverticulum. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. The electronic database of our Radiology Unit was analyzed in order to identify patients with hypopharyngeal diverticulum and osteophytes at the cervical vertebrae level, from January 2010 to January 2021. The search was performed using precise keywords. Results: The computerized database search outlined 10 imaging exams: 5 videofluorographies and 5 computed tomography scans. In 100% of the cases, dysphagia was the main symptom that led to the diagnostic assessment,30% of patients, on the other hand, reported dyspnoea. From the data analysis, the male / female ratio is 1: 1 and the average age of the patients is 64. 8 (+/-11. 31) years. Conclusions: We assume that the anatomical abnormalities in Forestier disease may cause an increase of pharyngeal pressure and consequently support the development of the Zenker’, s diverticulum. Hence, it is always recommended to investigate the presence of Zenker’, s diverticulum in a patient with Forestier disease, especially for the lifethreatening complications of Zenker's diverticulum.