Object tracking through multiple cameras is a popular research topic in security and surveillance systems especially when human objects are the target. However, occlusion is one of the challenging problems for the tracking process. This paper proposes a multiple-camera-based cooperative tracking method to overcome the occlusion problem. The paper presents a new model for combining Convolutional neural Networks (CNNs), which allows the proposed method to learn the features with high discriminative power and geometrical independence. In the training phase, the CNNs are first pre-trained in each of the camera views, and a Convolutional gating Network (CGN) is simultaneously pre-trained to produce a weight for each CNN output. The CNNs are then transferred to the tracking task where the pre-trained parameters of the CNNs are re-trained by using the data from the tracking phase. The weights obtained from the CGN are used in order to fuse the features learnt by the CNNs and the resulting weighted combination of the features is employed to represent the objects. Finally, the particle filter is used in order to track objects. The experimental results showed the efficiency of the proposed method in this paper.

Deep Convolutional neural Networks (CNNs) have attained remarkable success in numerous visual recognition tasks. There are two challenges when adopting CNNs in real-world applications: a) Existing CNNs are computationally expensive and memory intensive, impeding their use in edge computing; b) there is no standard methodology for designing the CNN architecture for the intended problem. Network pruning/compression has emerged as a research direction to address the first challenge, and it has proven to moderate CNN computational load successfully. For the second challenge, various evolutionary algorithms have been proposed thus far. The algorithm proposed in this paper can be viewed as a solution to both challenges. Instead of using constant predefined criteria to evaluate the filters of CNN layers, the proposed algorithm establishes evaluation criteria in online manner during Network training based on the combination of each filter’s profit in its layer and the next layer. In addition, the novel method suggested that it inserts new filters into the CNN layers. The proposed algorithm is not simply a pruning strategy but determines the optimal number of filters. Training on multiple CNN architectures allows us to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach empirically. Compared to current pruning algorithms, our algorithm yields a Network with a remarkable prune ratio and accuracy. Despite the relatively high computational cost of an epoch in the proposed algorithm in pruning, altogether it achieves the resultant Network faster than other algorithms.

Background: The most common types of non-melanoma skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). AKIEC-Actinic keratoses (Solar keratoses) and intraepithelial carcinoma (Bowen’ s disease)-are common noninvasive precursors of SCC, which may progress to invasive SCC, if left untreated. Due to the importance of early detection in cancer treatment, this study aimed to propose a computer-based model for identification non-melanoma malignancies. Methods: In this analytic study, 327 AKIEC, 513 BCC, and 840 benign keratosis images from human against machine with 10000 training dermoscopy images (HAM10000) were extracted. From each of these three types, 90% of the images were designated as the training set and the remaining images were considered as the test set. A deep learning Convolutional neural Network (CNN) was developed for skin cancer detection by using AlexNet (Krizhevsky, et al., 2012) as a pretrained Network. First, the model was trained on the training images to discriminate between benign and malignant lesions. In comparison with conventional methods, the main advantage of the proposed approach is that it does not need cumbersome and time-consuming procedures of lesion segmentation and feature extraction. This is because CNNs have the capability of learning useful features from the raw images. Once the system was trained, it was validated with test data to assess the performance. Study was carried out at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, in January and February, 2020. Results: The proposed deep learning Network achieved an AUC (area under the ROC curve) of 0. 97. Using a confidence score threshold of 0. 5, a classification accuracy of 90% was attained in the classification of images into malignant and benign lesions. Moreover, a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 86% were obtained. It should be noted that the user can change the threshold to adjust the model performance based on preference. For example, reducing the threshold increase sensitivity while decreasing specificity. Conclusion: The results highlight the efficacy of deep learning models in detecting non-melanoma skin cancer. This approach can be employed in computer-aided detection systems to assist dermatologists in identification of malignant lesions.

Speaker recognition is a process of recognizing persons based on their voice which is widely used in many applications. Although many researches have been performed in this domain, there are some challenges that have not been addressed yet. In this research, Neutrosophic (NS) theory and Convolutional neural Networks (CNN) are used to improve the accuracy of speaker recognition systems. To do this, at first, the spectrogram of the signal is created from the speech signal and then transferred to the NS domain. In the next step, the alpha correction operator is applied repeatedly until reaching constant entropy in subsequent iterations. Finally, a Convolutional neural Networks architecture is proposed to classify spectrograms in the NS domain. Two datasets TIMIT and Aurora2 are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The precision of the proposed method on two datasets TIMIT and Aurora2 are 93.79% and 95.24%, respectively, demonstrating that the proposed model outperforms competitive models.

Although, speech recognition systems are widely used and their accuracies are continuously increased, there is a considerable performance gap between their accuracies and human recognition ability. This is partially due to high speaker variations in speech signal. Deep neural Networks are among the best tools for acoustic modeling. Recently, using hybrid deep neural Network and hidden Markov model (HMM) leads to considerable performance achievement in speech recognition problem because deep Networks model complex correlations between features. The main aim of this paper is to achieve a better acoustic modeling by changing the structure of deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in order to adapt speaking variations. In this way, existing models and corresponding inference task have been improved and extended. Here, we propose adaptive windows Convolutional neural Network (AWCNN) to analyze joint temporal-spectral features variation. AWCNN changes the structure of CNN and estimates the probabilities of HMM states. We propose adaptive windows Convolutional neural Network in order to make the model more robust against the speech signal variations for both single speaker and among various speakers. This model can better model speech signals. The AWCNN method applies to the speech spectrogram and models time-frequency varieties. This Network handles speaker feature variations, speech signal varieties, and variations in phone duration. The obtained results and analysis on FARSDAT and TIMIT datasets show that, for phone recognition task, the proposed structure achieves 1. 2%, 1. 1% absolute error reduction with respect to CNN models respectively, which is a considerable improvement in this problem. Based on the results obtained by the conducted experiments, we conclude that the use of speaker information is very beneficial for recognition accuracy.

Kidney stones are solid crystals made of minerals and salts that form within the kidney, often creating a sharp, hard mass. These stones can block urine flow as they move into the urinary tract, making early detection crucial. Although deep neural Networks (DNNs) have been used to diagnose kidney stones with some success, they still face performance and standardization issues. A new approach combines graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) with DNNs to address these challenges. This method extracts orb features from images, converts them into graphs, and embeds nodes using a graph Convolutional Network, which includes a message-passing layer and node feature aggregation. The GCN updates node properties, enhancing efficiency and performance when integrated into a deep Network. This approach enables more comprehensive and precise feature extraction from images, improving kidney stone diagnosis. The study highlights GCNs' potential in analyzing medical images for diagnosing kidney stones. The proposed architecture was tested using publicly available CT scan images and demonstrated outstanding accuracy, correctly identifying kidney stones or healthy conditions in 98.6% of cases. It outperformed other advanced techniques, especially in detecting stones of various sizes, including very small ones, proving its effectiveness in medical image analysis.

Finger-Knuckle-Print (FKP) is an accurate and reliable biometric in compare to other hand-based biometrics like fingerprint because of the finger's dorsal region is not exposed to surfaces. In this paper, a simple end-to-end method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed for FKP recognition. The proposed model is composed only of three Convolutional layers and two fully connected layers. The number of trainable parameters hereby has significantly reduced. Additionally, a straightforward method is utilized for data augmentation in this paper. The performance of the proposed Network is evaluated on Poly-U FKP dataset based on 10-fold cross-validation. The best recognition accuracy, mean accuracy and standard deviation are 99.83%, 99.18%, and 0.76, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-arts in terms of recognition accuracy and the number of trainable parameters. Also, in compare to four fine-tuned CNN models including AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet34, and GoogleNet, the proposed simple method achieved higher performance in terms of recognition accuracy and the numbers of trainable parameters and training time.