By introducing evidential argument, William Rowe opened a new chapter in discussions about problem of evil. Rowe’ s first formulation of the problem based on the idea that because “ it appears” that some evils in the world are gratuitous then they are indeed so. The most influential critique of Rowe’ s argument is Stephen Wykstra’ sthat is based on the epistemological principle which is called Cornea. He shows that in the Rowe’ s assumed situation we are not permitted to pass from “ it appears” to “ is” . According to Cornea, considering evidence Xwe areentitled to say it appears that p, only if p were not the case, probably X was different in a discernable way. The goal of this paper is firstly to introduce Cornea as an answer to the problem of gratuitous evil, then introduce and assesse some selected critiques ofCornea and to defencethe principle and finally compare between skeptical theism-that Cornea is an instance of – and approaches of Islamic thinkers to the problem of evil.

In this study, 36 samples of sheep fetal at different and modal ages have been used.Sample after preparation and determination of age immediately fixed and anatomic and histological studies were done. In Histological studies in addition to conventional H& E staining, two staining that include Masson trichrome and verhuff staining was used. The yield results revealed that Cornea is distinct in the second month of embryonic period and in the next ages spends the stages of growth. From the beginning in Cornea formed in horizontal ellipse type so the internal curve of is larger than external curve. The growth process from the point of longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and Corneas height from the border of sclera is ascending with the raising of age. Upper and lower eyelids was impacted in the early and late time of the second month and separated from together again in the third month of embryonic period. Third eyelid approximately appears in 120 days of age in the internal angle of the eye. Histology of external epithelial tissue growth observed from simple cubic to six layers stratified cubic form. Matrix has been strengthened from point of cells (fibroblast) and a filaments (collagen) with the rising of age. Increases in the elastic filaments are appreciable at the end of embryonic stages.Desmit membrane appears as limiting membrane in the early time of the second month of embryonic period in the beneath of internal epithelial tissue and also growth with rising of age. Desmit membrane has any elastic filaments. No Bowman layer or the external limiting membrane was seen in this animal. Tricrummasson staining confirms collagen filaments and verhuff staining confirm elastic filaments growth with rising of age.

Purpose: To report a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that originated from Corneal epithelim and was limited to the Cornea.Stinting: Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran Medical University, tehran, Iran.Patients & Methods: A 50-year-old farmer man had a fleshy, vascular and diffuse sessile mass on his right Cornea, which he claimed to have it since childhood. His medical history was significant for a velvety gelatinous lesion on the right Cornea since childhood that resulted in decreased visual acuity, isotropia and amblyopia in the right eye. The patients's visual acuities were LPP and 20/30 for the right and left eyes, respectively. A conjunctival map biopsy performed for diagnosis of conjunctival involvement in four quadrants about 5-6 mm from the limbus which revealed normal conjunctival tissue. In October 2000 a diagnostic and therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was recommended. He underwent allograft limbal and corneoscleral grafting one month later.Results: The histopathologic examination of the specimen showed hyperplastic changes of Corneal epithelium and dysplastic tralisformation in all areas of the involved Corneal epithelium confined to the epithelium without any invasion to the underlying Bowman's layer. The conjunctival epithelium was spared.Conclusion: We suggest that SCC can originate primarily from Corneal epithelium and corneoscleral grafting is a useful technique for treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the Cornea.

A 53 year-old woman presented with Corneal edema 25 years after uneventful penetrating keratoplasty or keratoconus. She was initially misdiagnosed with acute endothelial rejection; however by observation of Descemet's membrane detachment, a diagnosis of late onset Corneal hydrops following Corneal transplantation was made. This is a rare complication which may occur many years after penetrating keratoplasty and may be due to recurrence of keratoconus within the grafted Cornea. Therefore, patients with long standing Corneal grafts who present with acute Corneal edema should be carefully examined for signs of Corneal hydrops.

Objective: To compare therapeutic effects and complications oftbe two surgical methods; clear Cornea incision and inferior approach cataract surgery in eyes with functional filtering bleb. Materials and Methods: In this study 38 eyes from 31 patients were categorized into two groups each containing 19 eyes. We assessed age, sex, type of glaucoma, interval between the two operations, duration of follow up , usage of antifibrotic agent, the number of medications, visual acuity, posterior synechia formation, astigmatism, cup/disc ratio, bleb condition before and after surgery, and also intraoperative and postoperative complications. Student T-test was used to compare the results between the two groups. Results: After 22.21±14 months of follow up in the clear Cornea group and 19.17±15 months of follow up in the inferior approach group, we found that intraocur arpressure raised from10.9±5.3 to 14.9±5.6mmHg in clear Cornea group and from 11.9+3.4 to 14.7+3.3mmHg in inferior approach group (p< 0.02). The number of medications raised from 0.4±0.8 to 1.1±1.1 in clear Cornea group (P<0.003) and from 0.3 ±0.7 to 1.0±0.9 in inferior approach group (P<0.005). Duration of the follow up, interval between the two groups, and amount of astigmatism, were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between two methods of cataract surgery regarding intraocular pressure control, number of used medications, and induced astigmatism.