This research has been done by comparative method. At first, the meaning and definition of the term "Critic" has been found out by four famous English Dictionaries (Webster, Oxford, Longman and American Heritage) while comparing the meanings with each other. The synonyms in each dictionary have been obtained. Then concerning the frequency rate of each term, five words such as: "analyze, judge, evaluate, appraise and assess" have been selected and analyzed.Next, the meaning of definition of the terms have been searched in some famous English-Persian Dictionaries (bateni and Colleagues English-Persian dictionary, Aryanpur progressive dictionary) and the relation between the terms has been analyzed in English and Persian language.Finally, by looking up the meaning and definition of the terms in Persian dictionaries (Dehkhoda Dictionary and A dictionary of Contemporary Persian language). The relation between those English and Persian synonymous words has been defined.

Dr. Mohammad Mahdi AL-Baser is one of more learned in Arabic and modern Iraqi literature, to accompany contemporary critique school which injected the ideas of east and west, whereas to excel in it by his liberty, morality, and educationally Criticism, to stopped in it lift up the inherited gaps and the stumbles. He battled against the slump, and exaggeration, and arbitrary. His style was distinguished by the abstraction, and standing up on ancient and modern Critics ideas, and he is a man of scientific and objectivity, whereas he was always pay attention to the form besides the content, and he accurately going on the linguistic, and grammatical, rhetorical, and ethical for the rhythmical and prosaic, whichever was the authority, and who was the sayer, just as that he didn’t leave over the comparisons in entire visions and various forms.

In the past and present, among Iranians and foreigners, there were people who, based on their observations, have written about the Iranian temperament. Those judgments, which were mostly negative, gradually constituted an explanatory matric, in a way that, in accounting many bad circumstances in Iran and many of Iranian unpleasant habits and behavioral imperfections, it has been said that they derived from Iranian temperament or Iran’ s culture. About how scientific are observational propositions such as “ Iranians have this or that quality” , and explanatory propositions such as “ this or that quality or behavior is the effect of this or that temperament” there are some Critical discussions, especially concerning inexactness of some generalizations as well as some probable dangers of the acceptance of such judgments. This article is to Criticize this kind of proposition from an analytical point of view. I will demonstrate that the difficulty of the explication why, means by what cause, Iranian has those qualities, returns to the fact that the main problematic is not to demonstrate their prevalence among Iranians, but their absence or secrecy among non-Iranians. The hypothesis is that most of the cases known as Iranians temperaments, to the extent that they can accept as Iranians temperaments, have not for their cause the content of Iranian culture but its level. And the level of culture is not something special to Iranians, it can be found in many nations, and everywhere it introduces almost the same temperament.

From Whitehead's point of view, each human discipline, whether scientific, religious, moral, artistic, or philosophical, abstracts part of integrated reality and then sometimes erroneously equates it with the whole reality. This abstraction being taken for concrete reality is what Whitehead calls a Fallacy of misplaced concreteness. A fallacy which philosophy and new science suffered from it. Now, what is the function of philosophy? And what alternative does he introduce? This article, in view of these two questions, first analyzes the components of Whitehead's definition of metaphysics, such as experience as point of departure coherence, internal consistency, being necessary, attention to all experience, and so on. And then it was pointed to the Whitehead metaphysical method, which has similarities to the science method. Second addresses the main function of philosophy in Whitehead's view, which is "abstract Criticism" or a Critical examination of the boundary of the abstract from the integral. A prominent example of this Criticism is about the fallacy of "simple location", which made the scientific materialism become the cosmological paradigm governing the minds of scientists of the new age. In the end, Whitehead's organismic attitude is introduced as an alternative to scientific materialism; and it is explained that instead of the scientific materialistic understanding of the world as if it is composed of independent material particles, Whitehead refers to the process based on the organism.  The world that consists of interconnected entities which are always experiencing or have been experienced.

The beginning of the development process in Iran and the need for further progress to the moment of Abbas Mirza's inquiry after the defeat of the tsarist Russian military army during the Qajar period. After the question was raised، the idea began to be born، and، in the middle of this past Iranian history، nothing but deterioration and defeat، Iran is in retardation compared with the West، and only by taking steps in the development process and attaining Progress، the failed Iran's forgotten past، and a brilliant future will take shape. The question that arises here is whether development does not necessarily lead to progress، or through development، in particular the development of the maximum and with all possible speed، the historical backwardness of a product of a long term? The hegemonicization of the idea of deterioration after the question of Abbas Mirza has led to a neglect of the other side of the development of the Janosi face; in this article، we intend to cite the concept of development in Iran through the use of Walter Benjamin's (1940-1892) thinking and، in conclusion، We will note that development is not necessarily due to the history of contemporary Iranian life، but destruction has been an integral part of development and its process in Iranian experience، which is often referred to in the official discourse، especially the discourse governing the knowledge system. Can not be.

The notion of free harmony of faculties is very important in Kant's aesthetic. Kant puts this notion for reply to this question how we can believe in universality in aesthetic judgment, if we perceive it subjectively. Kant claims that pleasure in aesthetic judgment arises from subjective statue which is called free play or harmony of faculties. Since Kant believes that only cognition is communicable, his efforts to bring in cognitive faculties in aesthetic evaluation, justifies universal validity of aesthetic judgment. Kant cannot clearly explain the notion of free harmony, then some his interpreters effort, by separating this judgment from any concept, and by considering natural and unconscious characteristic for the aesthetic experience, connect the area of cognition with aesthetic and by this justify universality of aesthetic judgment (Precognitive interpretation). Second, interpretation believes in interference conception in aesthetic evaluation. They make efforts to provide direct similarity between cognition and aesthetic. There is no valid document in supporting of tow interpretations. First, interpretation by believing to unconscious characteristic for aesthetic experience cannot depict the distinction between usual objects and aesthetic objects. Second, interpretation by believing to interference of indeterminate conception in aesthetic experience, not only cannot eliminate interest of universality but also generally neglect it.

This paper in the first in short look into form of Stern's bookand then it Criticizes the content of this book, especially threeimportant parts of it, which are the most difficult and at the same time The most important its parts, compared with Hegel's phenomenology but All his system. These are preface, introduction and the final chapter. We want to know how much Stern has been successful In consideration of the content of these three sections. Also does the seventh chapter of his book have internal coordination with content of them?

Background and Objectives: Most of the recent dialogue policy learning ‎methods are based on reinforcement learning (RL). However, the basic RL ‎algorithms like deep Q-network, have drawbacks in environments with ‎large state and action spaces such as dialogue systems. Most of the ‎policy-based methods are slow, cause of the estimating of the action value ‎using the computation of the sum of the discounted rewards for each ‎action. In value-based RL methods, function approximation errors lead to ‎overestimation in value estimation and finally suboptimal policies. There ‎are works that try to resolve the mentioned problems using combining RL ‎methods, but most of them were applied in the game environments, or ‎they just focused on combining DQN variants. This paper for the first time ‎presents a new method that combines actor-Critic and double DQN named ‎Double Actor-Critic (DAC), in the dialogue system, which significantly ‎improves the stability, speed, and performance of dialogue policy learning. ‎Methods: In the actor Critic to overcome the slow learning of normal DQN, ‎the Critic unit approximates the value function and evaluates the quality ‎of the policy used by the actor, which means that the actor can learn the ‎policy faster. Moreover, to overcome the overestimation issue of DQN, ‎double DQN is employed. Finally, to have a smoother update, a heuristic ‎loss is introduced that chooses the minimum loss of actor-Critic and ‎double DQN. ‎Results: Experiments in a movie ticket booking task show that the ‎proposed method has more stable learning without drop after ‎overestimation and can reach the threshold of learning in fewer episodes ‎of learning. ‎Conclusion: Unlike previous works that mostly focused on just proposing ‎a combination of DQN variants, this study combines DQN variants with ‎actor-Critic to benefit from both policy-based and value-based RL methods ‎and overcome two main issues of both of them, slow learning and ‎overestimation. Experimental results show that the proposed method can ‎make a more accurate conversation with a user as a dialogue policy ‎learner.‎

Abolmahamed seyf faraghani, an accomplished post, lived in llkhani era. He left Shamsedin Mohammad joveini’s court for Rome, and settled in Aghsara where he led a secluded life. Despite his detachment from people, Seyf never turned a blind eye to their sufferings. This fact can easily be confirmed by the allusions he makes to people’s ordeals in his poems.Seyf was a trenchant Critic of his society and its rulers. His Criticisms were commonly coupled with advice and guidance to address prevailing corruption and mischief. This paper aims at examining Seyf’s stance toward his contemporaries and his views on such issues as Quran interpretation, poetry, philosophy, religion, and mysticism.