In this study, we investigate the long‐run relationship between demand for imports and the relevant determining factors. We use the method of least Squares Engel Granger (1987) and Maximum Likelihood Johansen (1988) as well as Joe Hansen and Joe Sylyvs (1990) to estimate the Long‐Run Import Demand Function.To have a better assessment of the effectiveness of trade policies; a logical understanding of demand for imports is of particular importance. Our study shows that the oil revenue, real income, and GDP evaluated at domestic prices, are positively related to demand for imports. On the other hand, the rises of price of imported goods relative to the price of domestically produced goods and Currency devaluation have a negative effect on demands for imports of intermediate goods as well as consumption and capital goods.

One of the primary objectives of civil liability is to restore the victim to their pre-loss position. Also, the contractual liability aims at ensuring unity and harmony between the debt amount and the payment made. It is customary for a debtor to fulfill their obligation by paying an amount equivalent to the debt owed. However, in monetary obligations, the value of money and purchasing power can fluctuate between the time the debt is created and its resolution. This raises the question of whether fulfilling the obligation based on the value at the time of creation is sufficient to compensate for the loss incurred by the victim, and whether the liability for compensating for the decrease in the value and purchasing power of money lies with the debtor. Through an analytical-descriptive approach, the study concludes that a comprehensive analysis of the nature of money, grounded in jurisprudence, legal principles, common sense, and civil liability rules, supports the debtor's liability if the decrease in value is significant. The article also critiques views that treat money as metaphorical and argues against the inconsistency of metaphoricality with the need to compensate for devaluation. Money holds symbolic representation, and its purchasing power is a tangible attribute and a fundamental aspect of its value.

Applied study about developing countries indicates real devaluation of the Currency has different effect on balance of payments. devaluation of the Currency can improve balance of payment if the exchange market was in the relative stability and monetary and fiscal policy was also specified and not expansionary. Exchange market stationary examines by Marshal Lerner condition. Marshal Lerner condition states that if absolute sum of demand and supply elasticity of exchange rate is greater than one exchange market is stable and increasing exchange rate or devaluation of the Currency can improve the balance of payments. This study examines Marshal Lerner condition in Iran by Time series and panel data model. The result of this empirical examine suggests that the Marshal Lerner condition does not satisfy by time series estimation of the model in long and short run. The result of panel data estimation of the model also suggests that Marshal Lerner condition does not hold in Iran.

The relationship between exchange rate and export promotion is a controversial debate in the professional economics literature. While mainstream neoclassical approach believes that devaluation of national Currency decreases current account deficit, heterodox institutional-structural approach believes that the effectiveness of exchange rate policy dependents on the infrastructural factors of absorptive capacity. This paper aims to evaluate empirically the validity of these two approaches using a comparative analysis. To end this, the relationship between absorptive capacity and infrastructural factors is examined along with the technological catching up and export promotion using time series data of China and Iran. The findings of this paper show that the implementation of the same exchange rate policy could have different outcomes depending on the absorptive capacity of these two economies. More specifically, the effectiveness of the exchange rate policy depends on the various factors in the economies such as human capital, management skills, organizational coordination, and regional and international scientific and economic cooperation.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of Currency devaluation on the trade balance of Iran by using J and S curve approaches over the period of 1976-2007.For this purpose, we used the Johansen’s co-integration approach and impulse response function for the long run and short run analysis, respectively.The empirical results reveal that Currency devaluation has a negative effect on the Iranian trade balance in long run as well as short run and reject the J and S curves hypothesis for Iran. Overall the empirical findings of the J and S suggest that the trade balance of Iran does not improve as a result of Currency devaluation.

This study aims to examine the determinants of Currency depreciation in Iran over the period 1979–2018. This research utilizes time-series data and the Johansen–Juselius cointegration method. The model includes key macroeconomic variables such as exchange rate, liquidity, budget deficit, investment, oil revenues, and balance of payments deficit. After testing the stationarity of the variables, the Toda–Yamamoto causality test and an error correction model (ECM) were used to analyze both long-term and short-term relationships. The findings reveal that liquidity, budget deficit, and balance of payments deficit have a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate (indicating depreciation of the national Currency). Conversely, investment and oil revenues exhibit a negative and significant impact, implying their role in strengthening the national Currency. The adjustment coefficient in the ECM is –0.80, indicating that 80% of deviations from the long-run equilibrium are corrected within one period. The Toda–Yamamoto causality results confirmed causal relationships from all independent variables to the exchange rate at a 95% confidence level. The study concludes that Currency depreciation in Iran is primarily driven by internal macroeconomic imbalances, particularly the expansion of liquidity, persistent budget deficits, and reduced investment. On the other hand, increased oil revenues play a compensatory role in stabilizing the national Currency. Therefore, coordinated economic policies targeting fiscal discipline, investment promotion, and monetary control are essential for maintaining Currency stability.