This paper contains results of the first part of a study in which a Vector Auto-Regression (VAR)/vector Error Correction (VEC) model is developed and estimated to investigate dynamics of petroleum markets in OECD. Time series of the model comprises monthly data for the variables: demand for oil in OECD, WTI in real term as a benchmark oil price, industrial production in OECD as a proxy for income and commercial stocks of crude oil and oil products in OECD for the time period of January 1995 to March 2007. The detailed results of this empirical research are presented in different sections of the paper, nevertheless, the general result that emerges from this study could be summarized as follows: (i) There is convincing evidence of the series being non-stationary and integrated of order one 1(1) with clear signs of co-integration relations between the series. (ii) The VAR system of the empirical study appears stable and restore its dynamics as usual following a shock to the rate of changes of different variables of the model taking between 5 to 8 periods (months in our case). (iii) It appears that the null hypothesis of 'the expected mean of the series being insignificant from zero', cannot be rejected in 5% level for each of four time-series indicating lack of statistical proof for presence of the deterministic trend in time-series of concern, (iv) Normality tests and histograms of the series reveals that while distribution of the samples in level differ from theoretical normal distribution however this is not the case for the differenced time series and for the residuals, on the other hand autocorrelation functions of the series are consistent with unit root process .(v) We find the lag length of 2 as being optimal for the estimated VAR model. (vi), Significant impact of changes in the commercial crude and products' inventory level on oil price and on demand for oil is highlighted in our empirical study and in different formulations of the VAR model indicating importance of changes in stocks' level on oil market dynamics. (vii) Income elasticity of demand for oil appear to be prominent and statistically significant in most estimated models of the VAR system, while price elasticity of demand for oil is found to be negligible and insignificant in the short-run.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate and compare specific fuel consumption and specific drawbar energy for two similar powers rating tractors but having different structural features (MF285 and ITM750). Measurements were carried out at actual field condition using standard Nebraska and DECD test cods. A split plot design was used based on complete randomized block.Tests were performed on three different working surfaces (concrete, unplowed and plowed surface). Significant difference was found regarding the effect of different surface on both specific fuel consumption and specific drawbar energy .on each and between two tractors. Results also showed that two tractors had less specific fuel consumption and higher specific drawbar energy on concrete surface and unplowed soil as compared to plowed soil. Results obtained for slip test showed that slip rate in ITM750 were less than MF285 tractor. In overall MF285 had less specific fuel consumption and higher specific drawbar energy than those rating to ITM750 tractor.

This paper reviews globalization effects on emigration of educated and highly skilled persons. In addition, it focuses on concerning experiences in Iran. According to the main findings of the paper, if globalization is define as the development of global social relations in economic, political and cultural dimensions, globalization of labor market should be define as the development of a global labor market. Formation of this global market facilitates a raped and easy access to global supply and demand of manpower especially educated and highly skilled manpower. Hence, globalization of labor market paves way for the Brain Drain. In this condition, an overview of international experiences concerning emigration of educated and highly skilled persons shows that Brain Drain has increased due to globalization particularly economics aspect.This paper argues that according to an international comparison, LR. Iran is located at second place in the Asia-Pacific Region with losing 16 present of its education and highly skilled persons who more than 25 years old. Similarly in relation to emigration of those persons to the DECD countries, Iran has located at second place in the Asia- Pacific Region with losing 30 percent of its educated and highly skilled human power.Due to the huge amount of Brain Drain I.R. Iran and through a detailed explanation of internal, composition of the emigrants based on their scientific fields and distant countries, this paper concludes that in order to face challenges of globalization concerning emigration of educated and highly skilled people in Iran, the Government should take serious policies in its national development plans. In short term, one of the most effective policies could be establishment of an "International Network of Iranian Educated People" aiming at facilitating part-time cooperation among Iranian educated people in foreign countries and their domestic partners at scientific and research centers and institutions of the country. However, in long term creating social, cultural and economic environments in the country in order to keep the highly educated and skilled people and to prevent their emigration should be accounted as a fundamental solution.