Desert pavement is prominent features of many geomorphic surfaces in arid and semi-arid lands of world and has a significant effect on soil conservation against wind erosion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to simulate the estimation of wind erosion in the surface of desert pavements in Bardsir district of Kerman using statistical methods. In this regard, the most important parameters of erosion of desert pavements such as total depositional weight, depth of deposition under 2 mm, depth of deposition over 2 mm, surface depositional weight, and surface coverage, along with 5 transects and 15 points via field sampling method were measured. Then, by analyzing them, simple and multiple regression analyzes were performed by analyzing and modeling the components. The results show that there is a maximum significant relationship between the depth of depositional components over 2 mm and the surface deposition mass for all linear, grade 2, and grade 3 relationships, which R square of the models is 0.918, and their Std. error of estimate is 0.182, 0.189 and 0.198, respectively. Also, the results of multiple modeling include the maximum significant relationship between total depositional weight, depth depositional depth below 2 mm, depth of deposition depth of 2 mm, and surface depositional weight with each other, with a coefficient of explanation of 1 and an estimated error of 0 000 on the surface and the level of significance is 0.99. Finally, in order to estimate the amount of erosion from the surface of the plain, models have been designed and presented as useful tools for environmental managers and planners, and represent the trend and behavioral pattern of the landscape of the desert pavements. The results represent the environmental management of desert pavement system from viewpoint of the condition and function of wind deflation. It shows the present situation than the ideal and desirable situation.

Background and Aim: Some risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) such as upper respiratory airways abnormalities and obesity overlap with the risk factors for Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). In this study, we investiga-ted the prevalence of ETD in a population of patients with OSA.Methods: Tubal dysfunction was determined by tympanometry and inflation-deflation test in 36 patients diagnosed with severe OSA and 20 nor-mal participants.Results: More than 80% of patients with OSA had concomitant ETD at least in one ear. Obese participants had a smaller tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) shift after inflation-deflation test than non-obese subjects. There was no signify-cant correlation between TPP shift and duration of OSA.Conclusion: High prevalence of concomitant ETD was determined in patients with severe OSA and obese individuals. Tubal function tes-tis suggested in patients referred for OSA evalu-ation.

Study of environmental factors such as geographical and strategic situation, soil of the region, climate, water sources, and natural disaster such as earthquake, flood and outbreak of disease have had major influence in expansion and deflation of Qazvin as one of the Safavid’s capitals which needed serious study. Therefore, the aim of this article is to study and analyze the role of these factors in various aspects. Qazvin is amongst cities which became important after being chosen as the Safavid’s capital. Meanwhile, splendid period of improvement and urban expansion began during Shah Tahmasb. But after half century despite attempts made by Safavid’s officials for urban development and prosperity, Qazvin could not change a lot. These reasons were environmental factors and natural disasters. Therefore, the capital moved into Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas I.

In drylands, both dust storms and ephemeral salt lakes (playas) are common. Observations using remote sensing and ground studies have shown that these playas can be major sources of saline dust storms. Some basins have recently become desiccated as a result of water abstraction by humans, and these have become significant sources of dust. The timing and amounts of dust emissions depends on such factors as rainfall and drought events, the availability of sediment, and the nature of surface crust materials.

Samples taken from lithological units and sand dunes in point grid, were analyzed through morphoscopic and mineralogical studies. The same-sized maps of sand dunes were then drawn by using statistical parameters of grains. Maps and distribution of statistical parameters show that grain size decreases from 0.37 mm in west to 0.18 mm in east through Erg. Also there is an increase in the degree of sorting and roundness in this direction. The coarsest particles are found in ripple marks as well as in sand sheets whereas nebkas contain the finest ones. According to the relationship between grain size and their transportation distances by winds, the first accumulation phase (D1) is 3 km far from the erg. Based 01) microscopically results, rock fragments make up 85%, whereas minerals makeup 15% of grains including quartz, feldspar and calcite. According to X-ray diffraction and Electron Microscope Scanning, quartz frequency relates to quartzose-sandstones, calcite: frequency's related to fleshed limestone with clay minerals having originated: from shale sources. In the second sedimentation phase (D2) or erg, 98.54% of sands have been transported through salutation, while only 1.2 %, and. 0.26% through suspension and creep processes respectively. According to morphscopic analysesby using binocular and SEM photos of quartz and results: from Friedman's Diagram, 80% of sands were shown to be transported by collaboration of water and wind, while only 20% by water alone. This indicats that water is an important agent in semi-arid bioclimatical zones. Finally, based on mineralogical studies, the most important sources of Shandan sand dunes are recognized as Saravan lithological units (ES3, ES4) as well as Zaboli lithological unit (EZ) with other units having little effect in sand production for the erg.