Purpose: To report a case of Joubert’ s syndrome with alternating skew DEVIATION and lateral skew DEVIATION. Case report: A 18-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of abnormal eye movements since infancy. Some degree of oculomotor apraxia was revealed as the girl had difficulties in initiating horizontal saccades and subsequent head thrust. Periodic alternating vertical misalignment of eyes was also evident, known as alternating skew DEVIATION. After 3 to 5 seconds, the vertical divergence of the eyes reversed direction. Gaze to either side also resulted in hypertropia of abducting eye, known as lateral skew DEVIATION. MRI demonstrated hypoplasia of superior cerebellar vermis along molar tooth signs associated with Joubert syndrome. Conclusion: This report shows that alternating skew DEVIATION and lateral skew DEVIATION can be manifestations of Joubert’ s syndrome.

Background and Aim: One of the causes of disruption in human societies is crime, which has always endangered the life-economicpolitical-cultural security of human beings and society and governments. Communities' response to this phenomenon is primarily through the use of coercive legal methods and tools, resorting to criminal institutions. Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. Results: Incorrect methods to deal with crime are also common among criminal agents such as judges and law enforcement agencies. These incorrect methods contradict the two issues of public order and individual rights. However, sometimes an expedient and even benevolent view persuades the criminal agent to resort to incorrect methods in order to solve the criminal problem or case. Ethical considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: However, sometimes an expedient and even benevolent view persuades the criminal agent to resort to incorrect methods in order to solve the criminal problem or case.

One of the important fields of research and study which recently has been absorbed a lot of attention is Persian literature review, based on new theories of linguistics and literature. The theory of "DEVIATION of norm" is one of these theories which the first time was offered by "Leech". It is also one of the main causes of emerging literary style…

This study investigates whether the firms’ leverage and leverage DEVIATION are influenced by earnings manipulation over the period 2006-2019 in firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Using ordinary least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS) and generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators, we find evidence suggesting that real and accrual-based earnings manipulation is positively associated with firms’ leverage and leverage DEVIATION. In particular, we find that real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings manipulation are positively (negatively) associated with positive (negative) leverage DEVIATION. The result derived from the current study should be of interest to board of directors, stockholders and policymakers. The findings are significant because more earnings manipulator firms may be less successful in achieving their optimal leverage. After conducting robustness tests, our main conclusions remain valid to different proxies for real and accrual-based earnings manipulation, different measures of firms’ leverage ratio, and different estimation methods. Our results are consistent with the predictions of trade-off theory.

One of the language’s functions is the literary function. It is the spot of joint of the linguistics and literature. In the literary function, the focus is on the message; so the language of this message distinct of the standard language. The linguists explain this Foregrounding in two ways: escape the standard language that is named DEVIATION and adding the some rules to it that is named Extra regularity, in three levels: meaning, form and formal realization. The DEVIATION near the speech to the poetry and the Extra regularity verse it. In this short text, we pay to the most obvious Foregrounding, DEVIATION, in the Az in Avesta book; because it shows the Akhavan’s art. In addition to so many DEVIATIONs forward to the Extra regularity in the Akavan’s poetry, meaning DEVIATION is rather than the other kinds of DEVIATION. This kind contains the Figurative language and meaning Rhetoric topics that increase the imagination. Especially the Simile and Metaphor, two forms of poetic images, have used greatly. Then the temporal DEVIATION, the use the archaic words, is seen plenty; so we see that the other kinds of DEVIATION is found rarely; because these reduce the word’s glory. Instance is found in the Akhavan’s poetry too, that is untitled or isn’t dependent on the mentioned kinds exactly.

Khaqani is one of the greatest Iranian poets of the 6th century (A.H.). It is generally acknowledged that in order to understand Khaqani' s complex language and difficult meanings, his reader should have a good command over his mystical language, his syntactic and semantic elements as well as his style of expression.In Persian poetry, Khaqani is considered to be an iconoclastic figure who has his own unique style. His odes, due to their incomparable niceties, wonderful combination of words, and use of difficult rhyme schemes, can be studied from modem literary perspectives, including formalism. That is because the skills that he consciously uses transform his automatic poetic language into a language that has foregrounding properties which can in turn help us to get a new view of things around us and lead to defamiliarization in a literary work.This paper attempts to touch upon the special characteristics of Khaqani's poetry, based on a formalistic approach.In addition, it tries to demonstrate that the poet presents new concepts and meanings and that the existence of certain old and stereotypical ideas adroitly transformed into new forms and clothed in language decorations highlighted with DEVIATION do not reduce the worth of his poetry.

The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Saussure at the Linguistics Department of University of Geneva. Stylistics is a sort of criticism process that reveals the aesthetic bases of literary works. One of the most prominent kinds of stylistics is DEVIATION; it is some kinds of variety and alteration which enhances text’s value. DEVIATION is a technique of communicating between creator and recipient, because this technique reveals the capability of creator in using the hidden part of language to convey the message to the recipient with its all stylistic value. So style deviates from the norm to reveal the objectives that normal language is not able to convey. But some theorists believe that the style is nothing more than DEVIATION. This article tries to criticize this opinion by using examples from poetry and holy Quran.

DEVIATION in art refers to going beyond the conventional language in order to evoke a sense of pleasure, perception, and understanding in the recipient. It can be classified as semantic DEVIATION (which explores metaphor, metonymy, irony and synesthesia) and combinative DEVIATION (which examines the textual elements such as vocabulary, syntax, phonetics, writing style, and dialect). This artistic technique is found in both prose and poetry, aiming to captivate the audience through highlighting certain aspects. Poetic DEVIATION is evident in the poetry of Abbās Keymanish, known as Mushfiq Kāshānī, a contemporary religious and revolutionary poet. As such, this research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the components of deviance in his poetry and explore his poetic DEVIATIONs. In so doing, the study examines linguistic, semantic, syntactic, archaic, and stylistic elements of DEVIATION according to Geoffrey Leech's theory. The findings reveal that Mushfiq Kāshānī's poetry can be considered a comprehensive reflection of artistic beauty and innovation, with the most frequent component of DEVIATION occurring in the realm of meaning. The audience understand the poet's intended meaning beneath these aesthetic qualities, linguistic and syntactic DEVIATIONs, and other components that are less frequent in his poetry.

One of the unique stylistic features of well-known poets of Indian style ( Esfahani ), like Kalim Kashani, Sa’eb Tabrizi and others whose poetry appear to be more distinguished and artistic than the others is norm-DEVIATION from the standard language. The purpose of DEVIATION from standard language in the works of Indian style is that the poet of this style, to attain “ the strange language meaning “and” colorful thoughts” and making alienated words and nurturing meanings and pure themes of poetry which is distinguished from what exists in tradition and literary norms, about the stereotyped meanings and themes current in Persian Literature, characters and famous narrative Qur’anic and mythological elements like “ abe hayat” - water for eternal life, Khezr, Yousef, spiritual guide, and so on, looks at them from a non-traditional view point and judges on it in the same way; that’s, having negative and scolding view on some thing that in tradition and standard language has been considered and praised positively or vice versa. This paper has researched and made inquiries in this field about Kalim Kashani’s poetry together with bringing samples from other Indian style (Esfahani) poets.