The technological achievements in digital publishing have made paperless education possible even in K-12 education. Aside from high bandwidth distribution infrastructure, the main di culties of digital publishing are preserving personal information and protecting the rights of copyrighted contents. Although specially designed Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems can be used to control distribution and usage of private and/or copyrighted contents in K-12 education, dealing with a large number of bursty concurrent access requests and changing the access rights of a large number of students from one content class to another at the end of each education period make the problem di erent from existing ones. This paper introduces a new DRM system, called EDU-DRM, which includes a novel bit based authorization approach to reduce the processing time for authorization requests and automatize the access right adjustments with prede ned rules for K-12 education. During the study, an experimental framework is designed using Apache Bench to analyze the proposed approach and evaluate it. The system is compared with XML based authorization approach and the results are presented in the paper.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the of metadata elements of Digital Rights Management (DRM) comparatively in different regions and the approach behind. This research was conducted using qualitative content analysis method. The data was gathered through documentary method and searching in databases to identify the best practices of DRM solutions. The results of this study revealed that, different metadata elements are utilized in DRM projects. When it comes to copyright, the US tends to be more pro-owner, while the Canada and UK prefers a balanced perspective that includes user activities. France and Germany have adopted strict measures in this respect, having legal provisions for sanctioning offenders. Switzerland has a more relaxed approach to DRM systems, while Australia, China, and Russia have a complex legal framework for legal protection, access controls, permissions of copyrighted content. It can be stated that, Metadata is an essential component in developing DRM systems. Rights metadata have various functionalities such as Identifying and describing the content, to manage secure content distribution, access control, content protection, and usage tracking, monitoring changes, facilitate discoverability, within DRM systems the extent to which they protected content remains secure and accessible only to authorized users. In conclusion, it could be said that based on context-based approaches, cultural norms, and infrastructures there is significant differences in approaches to the protection of digital content and this affect the types and functionalities of right metadata elements in the DRM systems.

Different approaches have been presented for estimating river environmental flow which hydrological approach has a lot addressed because of its need to access to limited data and moderately rapid assessment. This approach incorporates various methods therefore comparison between results of different methods is essential. The objective of this study is to investigate and compare the consequences of Tennant, flow duration curve shifting (FDC shifting), desktop reserve model and Tessman methods for environmental flow assessment of Zohreh river (Dehmolla hydrometry station) located in southwestern Iran. According to the long-term flow data the annual mean flow is 80. 18 cms and August-October and February-April with 22. 5 and 156. 2 cms are low and high flow periods of the year. Investigation of consequences of different methods demonstrate FDC shifting is most admissible method for environmental flow assessment in this study because of its reasonable exhibited environmental flows in different months in comparison with monthly and annual mean flow, good compatibility of within-year patterns of monthly environmental and river flow, and lack of allocation of all river flow to environmental flow in all months of the year. Considering the results of the FDC shifting method the monthly environmental flow are estimated between 6. 8 to 53. 2 cms and its mean annual is 27. 79 cms. The mean environmental flow for low and high flow periods are 7. 7 and 49. 3 cms respectively too.

Background: Climate change often leads to more frequent and intense disasters, such as floods, storms, and droughts, directly affecting people’s health. It is crucial to address the laws related to climate change and disaster risk management (DRM). This study aims to analyze the climate change and DRM laws in developed countries based on the social-ecological systems (SES) framework. Materials and Methods: This is a mixed-method study. We first classified developed countries based on the human development index (HDI). Next, the laws related to climate change in these countries were extracted from the climate change laws of the world (CCLW) database. Finally, the qualitative approach (examining, classifying, and analyzing the related documents based on Ostrom’s SES framework) and the quantitative approach (time-series and spatial analyses based on the SESs and their subsystems) were combined to conduct the study.  Results: The developed countries have passed 40% of all DRM laws in the world. The time-series analysis showed that most laws had been passed in the last 30 years. Additionally, water, transportation, and economy-wide subsystems were considered first in these laws. The spatial analysis indicated that the European countries and South Korea had passed the most laws. Conclusion: The DRM laws in the early years primarily focused on emergency aid and the costs of natural disasters. Over time, the laws included more goals, such as planning and establishing systems, reconstruction funds, and prevention systems. The continuity of DRM laws and targets can result in better decision-making and more effective measures to tackle climate change.

Accurate analysis of pierced shear walls by FEM needs many small elements in the domain of the structures because of openings existence. On the contrary, by modeling this structure with BEM, it is only necessary to discretize the boundaries which are less than the domain.In this paper, DRM/BEM is used for calculation of natural frequencies of shear walls (especially pierced shear walls). Through this application, several radial basis functions (RBF) are considered. Then an RBF is proposed which has more accuracy in finding natural frequencies. The accuracy of the results are compared with solutions obtained based on FEM as bench marks. In conclusion, by parametric studies some wrathful points are proposed.

This study investigates the impact of mood induction on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm, focusing on emotional and neutral wordlists while controlling for executive functions and affective traits. Two experiments were conducted: the first involved validating Persian emotional and neutral DRM wordlists; the second examined how positive, negative, and neutral mood conditions influenced false memory rates for emotional and neutral stimuli. Participants (N = 91) were assigned to mood conditions using a random assignment process, with mood induced through validated music and images.   Results revealed significant differences in false memory rates across mood and task conditions. Negative emotional tasks elicited the highest false memory rates, while positive mood induction combined with positive emotional tasks resulted in the lowest rates. Interestingly, mood induction generally reduced false memory, with negative mood demonstrating the strongest effect. These findings challenge existing theories such as the affect-as-information hypothesis, highlighting the nuanced interplay between mood, emotional task load, and cognitive processing.   This research underscores the importance of considering both emotional and cognitive factors in understanding memory distortion, particularly in high-stakes contexts like forensic interviews. It further refines the DRM paradigm by integrating culturally validated emotional stimuli and controlling for individual differences.

Some of theories which try to explain the mechanisms underlying false memory phenomenon postulate that false memories are due to existence of semantic relations between studied items which increase memory's vulnerability to this kind of distortion. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of shifting attention away from semantic relations among words in associative lists in Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, through dividing attention, on false memory in visual and auditory modalities. A total of 462 university students (355 girls, 107 boys) were tested in DRM paradigm for their false memories. Original series of DRM consists of the lists of words. Each list is related semantically with a lure word that doesn't exist in the origin list, and reminding the lure word in testing time, measures false memory. Results revealed that false recall of divided attention group was less than control group, but there was not any difference between divided attention and full attention groups. In addition, the amount of false recall of visual lists was less than auditory lists. There was also a significant interaction effect between modality of presentation and dividing attention, indicating that the amount of false recall differs between visual and auditory presentation only when participants engage in the task with full attention. Results of the present study have shown that dividing attention in the study phase can act as an effective way to reduce false recall in both visual and auditory modalities.

Background and Objectives: Regards of water scarcity, inappropriate distribution of precipitation, implementation and development of projects in water resource fields such as dam construction and inter-basin water convenience is unavoidable. For prevention of long-term negative environmental impacts of such projects and for water allocation acts, it is necessary to study hydrological and ecological demands of river as an "environmental water demand". The "environmental water demand" usually is defined as a set of discharges which are determined by the magnitudes, frequencies, occurrences and given flows, but the employed methods in this research calculate environmental flows in the form of mean annual runoff (MAR). These flows which provide appropriate conditions for conservation of aquatic life and ecosystem processes for sustainability goal, are called "environmental flows". This article aimed to study the "environmental demand" estimation for Mahabad-Chai River. Materials and Methods: Mahabad-Chai sub basin is located on southwest of Lake Urmia; and considering its extent, it is the fourth largest sub-basin of Lake Urmia Watershed. Its geographic area ranges from 44˚ 45΄ E to 45˚ 56΄ E and 36˚ 22΄ N to 37˚ 10΄ N and is composed of two main branches “ BYTAS & KOTER” . The ecological river demand was estimated and compared with four hydrological methods (Tenant, Tessman, FDC-shifting and DRM), then suitable method was introduced. Results: The ecological demand of Mahabad-Chai river is estimated and compared by four hydrological methods, FDC-shifting method biological class C, because of considering ecological specifications of the river, was chosen and the environmental demand of Mahabad-Chai River was estimated to 0. 35 cms in BYTAS station and 1. 17 cms in KOTER station. The annually average flow was 1. 73 and 6. 17 cms in BYTAS and KOTER hydrometric station respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, the suggested flow of FDC-shifting method at C class is recommended as minimum environmental flow for Mahabad-Chai River, because this method needs the less data, doing early and rapid assessment in data and simulating current hydrological conditions by considering desirable ecological conditions, whereas other methods can’ t do this action. Moderated class C (relatively modified) consider about %20 MAR to %30 MAR as environmental flow, that in this condition basic function of ecosystem has not changed and more species is survived. Also moderated class C has good match with regime of flow at several months and is acceptable in area in terms of managerial, agricultural uses, drinking and etc. The suggested method in this research is not the ultimate solution for environmental problems of Mahabad-Chai River. Lack of comprehensive required ecological information at river’ s ecosystem studies, cause to estimating eco-hydrology by less coefficient of confidence.