Background: Parents worry about the complications of DTP vaccine. However, there are some reports demonstrating the positive effect of acetaminophen on DTP vaccine complications. The present study was conducted on children referring to Kashan health care centers to determine the role of acetaminophen on the complications of DTP vaccine. Materials and methods: For this clinical trial, 324 children aged 1.5month-6 years who had received DTP vaccine produced by Razi institute in 1378 were selected. They were assigned randomly in two groups of case and control. The case group have received acetaminophen at the dosage of 15mg/kg/dose at the time of vaccine injection and then each 6 hours for 48 hours. Then, complications were recorded after 48 hours and analyzed by chi square. Results: Groups were matched according to the sex and age. Of 324 children, 281 (86.7%) developed complications. This was 88.9% for the control and 84.6% for the case group, respectively(NS).Feverwasthe mostcommoncomplication(66.1%for the controlvs. 46.9% for the case group, p<0.0007).On the other hand, pain at the site of injection was the most common local complication occurred in 58% of controls and 35.21 % of cases (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Acetaminophen may reduce some complications of DTP vaccine, thus, it is recommended following the vaccine injection.

INTRODUCTION: Previous experiments have demonstrated that incorporation of influenza A subunit vaccine into wDTP vaccine enhances the serum IgG antibody response in Balb/c mice by a factor of 250, compared to when subunit vaccine is used alone.METHODS: To identify the component of wDTP responsible for the adjuvant effect on the immune response to immunization with influenza subunit vaccine, five groups of Balb/c mice (ten in each group) were inoculated intramuscularly with 5µg HA subunit vaccine mixed with wDTP, Fim 2/3, LPS or PBS and PBS alone as control, in 0.225ml volumes. 21 days after inoculation, blood samples were obtained from each of the mice and a second dose of the same vaccine was administered. A further blood sample was taken 21 days after the second dose. All serum samples were tested for IgG antibody to influenza subunit using the ELlSA test. ELlSA readings in each group were compared with those of the control group.RESULTS: In the group of mice immunized with 5119 HA in DTP, ELlSA readings were 1.71±0.02 and 2.32±0.03 following the first and second immunizations, respectively. These responses were almost similar to those seen following immunization with 5µg HA subunit mixed with 10µg LPS extracted from B. pertussis, in which case ELlSA readings were 1.43±0.02 and 2.30±0.03, respectively. This experiment on mice showed that the adjuvant effect of DTP resides in the LPS component of B. pertussis, since purified LPS and wDTP equally enhance IgG antibody response and protection.DISCUSSION: Immunization against influenza in infants and young children can be achieved by combining small amounts of influenza subunit antigen with wDTP or LPS. However, these results were obtained in mice and must be confirmed by human experiments, since species vary considerably in terms of their response to adjuvants.

Objective(s): To determine the short-term reactogenicity of diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccine administered to preschool children in a number of health centers of Tehran in 2006.Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 337 children aged 4-6 years were injected with DTwP vaccine manufactured by Razi Institute of Iran. Reactogenicity was assessed by the parents for 7 days postvaccination using diary cards. Local (pain, redness and swelling) and systemic (fever, loss of appetite, gasterointestinal symptoms, vomiting and eczema) side effects were recorded daily.Results: Out of 337 children, 312 (92.6%) reported local reactions and 220 (65.3%) reported systemic reactions. No serious adverse events related to vaccination were reported. Among local reactions, pain was the most frequent (86.9%), but it was mostly mild or moderate. Redness (52.8%) and swelling (41.2%) were the most frequently observed signs in the second day. The systemic reactions observed in children included fever (48.4%), loss of appetite (24%), gastrointestinal symptoms (5.6%), vomiting (8%) and eczema (2.7%).Only 3.6% of children had auxiliary fever above 39 °C. All signs were observed to have reduced or completely disappeared during a week.Conclusion: Compared with previous reports in Iran, reactogenicity of DTwP of Razi Institute seems to be reduced, but it was still more frequent than the internationally approved cellular vaccine counterparts. Reactogenicity of the cellular triple vaccine may be related to the vaccine formulation or the bacterial cell fragments used in vaccine production.

Background & Objectives: The OPT vaccine used in Iran is manufactured by the Razi Institute. So far, there have been no studies to determine the incidence and severity of adverse reactions to this vaccine. It was this lack of reliable information, plus concern for the unfavorable effects of such reactions on compliance with the vaccination schE!dule, that prompted the current study on OPT side effects.Methods, In this cohort study, 191 O.children aged 0 to 6 were divided into different groups (cohorts) on the basis of factors such as injection site and then monitored for the appearance of adverse effects. Data for this study were gathered through questionnaires filled by telephone or house-to-house interviews. We interviewed parents of children attending the 46 urban health clinics in Kermanshah. These interviews produced the data needed to fill the first part of the study questionnaire. The investigators then gave each parent an "information sheet" containing the data necessary for the second part of the questionnaire. The interviewee was asked to record on this sheet any adverse effects occurring over the following 48 hours. At the end of this period, the parent was contacted via telephone to fill the second part of the questionnaire. Data thus gathered were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 11 .5.Results: In 1910 DTP immunizations given to children 0 to 6 years of age, followed for the development of adverse events occurring within 48 hours after immunization, the cumulative incidence rates were as follows: Swelling, 40.66% (38.43-42.89%); Redness, 43.08% (40.84-45.32%); Pain, 67.32% (65.20-69.40%); Fever (>38° C) 54.14% (51.89-56.40%); Fever (>40.5° C) 1.11 % (0.64-1.59%); Drowsiness,33.35% (31.21-35.48%); Persistent crying, 13.35% (11.81 -14.88%); Local reactions, 75.79% (73.86-77.73%) and Systemic Reactions, 69.84% (67.76-71.97%). Only one child developed convulsion following immunization.Conclusions: Varying reaction rates in different studies, such os high rate of pain and persistent crying in this study, may reflect the different preparations that were used or differenced in the methods for vaccine evaluation. Moreover, because of the severity of systemic reactions, DTP vaccine should be administered in the thigh region.

Background: Immunization of rabbit against Staphylococcus aureus type 5 did not increase antibody titer significantly in previous study. We proposed that lack of protection is due to low immunogenicity of this bacterium and a suitable adjuvant is needed to augment antibody production against it. In this study the effect of aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3], Freund's adjuvant and DTP vaccine on immunization of rabbit against encapsulated S. aureus type 5 by agglutination method was considered.Methods: 30 male New Zeeland white rabbits (4-6 months) were grouped in 6. They were injected intramuscularly using suspension of killed encapsulated S. aureus type 5 (strain Reynolds) with and without adjuvant. The last two groups were injected DTP vaccine and saline alone. Injections were done three times within 21 days intervals; blood sample was obtained from marginal ear vein before every injection and 21 days after the last injection and sera were collected in -20oC. Agglutination method was employed for detection of antibody titer.Findings: Immunization of rabbits to encapsulated s. aureus type 5 with Al(OH)3, Freund's adjuvant and DTP vaccine showed rise in antibody titer against it. Mean antibody titer of immunized rabbits with DTP vaccine after the third injection was more than those immunized with Al(OH)3 and Freud's adjuvant (p=0.049). Also mean antibody titer in rabbits immunized with Freund's adjuvant was more than those immunized with Al(OH)3 but this difference was not significant (p=0.27).Conclusion: In this study, DTP vaccine induced higher antibody titer against encapsulated S. aureus type 5 than Al(OH)3 and Freund's adjuvant. Therefore, it is suggested that DTP vaccine may be used as an adjuvant with suspension of killed encapsulated S. aureus type 5 in rabbit.

Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging has significant potential for extracting kinetic parameters of tracers, particularly the Ki parameter. This study evaluates the use of the Dual Time Point (DTP) technique to generate parametric Ki images from two 3-minute static PET scans. A simulation study was conducted using the XCAT phantom, generating six realistic heterogeneous tumors embedded in lung and liver tissues with various levels of [18F] FDG uptake. Parametric Ki images were generated and evaluated using Patlak analysis and a population-based input function (PBIF). Additionally, TBR and CNR parameters in SUV images and parametric images produced by DTP and full dynamic methods were compared and analyzed. The results showed a significant correlation (> 0.9) between the Ki parameter derived from DTP and full dynamic imaging methods. Moreover, the high TBR parameter in DTP images compared to SUV images (70% for lung tumors, 35% for liver tumors) indicates improved contrast and image quality. Consequently, DTP images can be a suitable alternative to complete dynamic PET and SUV images in clinical settings.