One of the main issues in explaining the phenomenon of diversity of religions in the world is the issue of religions ranking; i. e. the question of whether religions are essentially comparable or not! And if it is comparable, what is the criterion and criterion of this comparison? It seems that the border between two different positions in explaining the phenomenon of religious plurality, namely relativism and religious pluralism, comes from the accuracy of the issue of religions ranking. In this article, we will speak of two main representatives of these two trends by proposing and examining this problem and among the religious relativists we refer to Ernest Troeltsch and to John Hick from religious pluralism. This article seeks to put these two theories together and remind them of their similarities and reveal their fundamental differences. Briefly, it can be noted that the major similarity between Troeltsch and Hick is to rely on cultural categories in the consistency of religious awareness, while the fundamental difference between them is the observation of objectivity or subjectivity in their grading criteria. In the end, Hick claims that although religions are comparable in principle, but practically the result of this comparing is the equivalence of religion’ s Truth-claims, while Troeltsch says it's basically impossible to compare religions, اowever, in his original statements, he clearly states that in practice, Christianity is superior to other religions. Of course, in his later remarks, he reviews this result and claims that religions are only relative in absolute terms and he claims absolute religions are relative only.

Background and Objectives: In most of cases, Ig-M anti-I antibody is detectable in infectious mononucleosis patients both through agglutination in 4-22oC and in high titre of antibody at 37oC. Our objective in this study both to evaluate the sensitivity of some serological tests and detect anti-I antibodies in diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, red blood cells of horses and sheep were used to determine heterophil antibody; monocheck kit was used for the former and Paul-Bunnell Davidson kit for the latter. Fetal OI group from umbilical cord blood was also used to determine anti-I antibody. For this purpose, we prepared different suspensions for different laboratory examinations. For serological evaluations, monospot, Paul-Bunnell Davidson, and agglutination tests were performed; moreover, manual WBC counting was performed for hematological evaluations.Results: 90 patients with infectious mononucleosis were included in this study. 44% of the patients had antibody titre of more than 1/40 that was significantly more than that of the 6% of the control group. The results of the Paul–Bunnell Davidson test showed that antibody absorbtion level was more than 1.40 in 34% of the patients. In the control group, none of the subjects had antibody titre of more than 1.40. The results of the absorption of antibodies by cow RBCs showed that in 76% of cases antibody titre was zero compared to 55% in the control group. WBC counting in the majority of the patients with positive Paul-Bunnell Davidson showed an increase up to (14-15)× 109 cell/L. Lymphocytosis of more than 50% and atypical lymphocyte formation of more than 10% were also seen in the majority of these cases. Evaluation of the anti-I and anti-i antibodies showed no evidence of agglutination at the temperature of 4oC and 22oC using oi blood group of umbilical cord and OI blood group of mature red blood cells.Conclusions: The results showed very good correlation between monospot and Paul-Bunnell Davidson test. Hematological results of positive Paul-Bunnel Davidson showed remarkable changes in WBC count, lymphocytosis, and atypical lymphocyte formation. With the exposure of oi cord blood RBC to patients' plasma showed no evidence of agglutination at the temperature of 4°C, 22oC, and 37oC.

Davidson, inspired by some famous philosophers, such as Frege, Tarski and Quine, poses a kind of theory of meaning which includes the theory of truth, in style of Tarski's theory. This theory has two sides; formal and empirical. Therefore, applying this theory for interpreting speakers' linguistic behaviors and utterances depends on satisfying some formal and empirical restrictions. Formal restrictions are taken from Tarski's works on formal adequacy of an adequate definition of truth. For empirical examination of the theory, Davidson leaves it to be inquired empirically in the radical interpretation's procedure. However, there are other crucial factors which Davidson enters in his works on meaning, such as holism, insisting on imposing rational patterns on linguistic behaviors of speakers which the Principle of Charity dictates, and so on. But, Dummett has had explicit criticisms on the various parts of this kind of theory. He criticizes using the notion of truth as the central notion in a theory of meaning, and makes some different criticisms about knowing explicitly truth conditions of sentences that the theory deals with. In this essay, after describing the Davidsonian meaning theory and the process of radical interpretation, I will illustrate the most important criticisms that Dummett has made about the theory. Eventually, the question which will be discussed is that are Dummett's criticism of the Davidson's views, acceptable and defendable?

Entrepreneurial resilience as the most important personal traits of entrepreneurship is the ability to resistance and quickly dominance of incompatibilities. Individual resiliency of rural women entrepreneurs is effective in creating or enhancing their business resilience and subsequently rural society. Resilient entrepreneurs embrace changes rather than resist them and demonstrate high risk-taking and tolerance for achieving goals and managing challenges. Analyzing the Individual Entrepreneurial Resilience of Rural Women in Fars province was the main purpose of the study. All members of Fars Province Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies were the research population of research which 269 of them were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method for data collecting using questionnaire. Individual resilience of women was measured based on Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Results indicated that the individual resilience of rural women in Fars province is relatively high. Comparing the individual resiliency of women in the three studied counties revealed that Marvdasht and Shiraz women entrepreneurs had higher individual resiliency than Estahban women entrepreneurs. The variables of entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial motivation and number of household members had significant correlation with individual resilience of women entrepreneurs. Thus, according to regression results, entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial motivation and number of household members were determinants of individual resilience of women, respectively. Finally, development of persona; characteristics of rural women is essential in order to improve their entrepreneurial resilience. Thus, it is recommended to provide appropriate educational classes to reinforce their motivation, creativity as well as entrepreneurial spirit. Also, improvement of rural women`s skills in terms of decision making, stress management, concentration, emotional control and independent thinking would be vital for resilience improvement of rural women.

In this essay, I'll try to deal with the philosophical analysis of the status and role of 'rules' in the framework of social life, and show what the foundations of a rule-based social science are. Thus, first, I'll reconstruct Winch's classical discussion about 'meaningful actions', and show how Winch, through the analysis of 'the rule-governed social life', builds up a certain type of 'interpretive sociology'. Then, I'll turn to three basic criticisms of the appeal to rules as some source of sociological explanations, which seems Winch's philosophical apparatus can't handle them. In the last section, this claim will be put forward that these criticisms are mainly due to the lack of some 'agency theory' in Winch's 'Wittgensteinian structuralist theory', and so, one can, by devising an adequate theory of agency, resolve the problems involved. For this purpose, Davidoson's ideas will be presented as a worthwhile, well-grounded source to obtain a clear, distinct understanding of the relationship between the social rules and agents.

Background: Resilience is a personal trait that can influence the stroke subjects’attitudes toward future opportunities and facilitate the transitional process and adaptation in them. Assessment of this trait in stroke subjects with a standardized tool would promote the rehabilitation protocols and occupational therapy interventions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to standardize the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) for Persian Iranian people who have had strokes.Methods: A descriptive observational study was adopted in order to standardize the CD-RISC in stroke population. The population was comprised of 34 female and 29 male subjects with a mean age of 51.4±10.6 years and the history of ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents. Subjects were recruited based on inclusion criteria within the period of two months between May and July of 2014. Descriptive statistics were calculated along with the Cronbach’s alpha to determine reliability. Standard multiple regression analyses searched for any correlation between variables and resilience.Results: Statistical parameters revealed a mean of 58.4±15.5 for CD-RISC raw scores. Percentile ranks were also calculated from raw data. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.892 revealed that the CD-RISC had high reliability for the population of this study. Multiple regression analyses showed that the functional status was the only variable that uniquely predicted subjects’ resilience (b=0.41; P<0.01).Conclusion: The findings of this research confirmed applicability of CDRISC in Iranian people who have had strokes. The standardized CD-RISC was determined to be suitable for use in the clinic and for utilization in research studies in Iranian people status post-stroke.