The released software systems still involve some faults, for which Debugging becomes necessary. On the one hand, manual software Debugging remains an arduous, time-consuming, and expensive task. On the other hand, effective software Debugging is organized around motivated and patient developers. In this paper, a novel approach, namely Gamifault, is provided to make Debugging more attractive and enjoyable. Particularly, the objective of Gamifault is to make the developer more curious to proceed Debugging, that is fault localization and program repair, enthusiastically. To achieve this objective, the concepts and potentials of gamification are adapted to the typical tasks of software Debugging. In particular, Gamifault makes use of an existing fault localization technique to determine the likelihood to each statement may be faulty. Based on the likelihood, the developer then attempts to find the exact fault location and fix the fault. Next, Gamifault reacts to the developer with a gamified success rate. That is, it shows the number of test cases that have been passed on the modified program. This process is repeated until the program passes on every given test case. To evaluate Gamifault, a prototype web-based tool was implemented in Java that targets faulty software programs. Then, 16 developers were asked to employ gamified and non-gamified versions of the tool in their Debugging activities on 46 subject programs taken from the Code4Bench suite of programs. Developers could successfully debug 7 and 95 faulty programs using the non-gamified and gamified tools, respectively. In addition, the gamified tool helped developers debug the faulty program in less than two minutes on average. These results suggest that Gamifault offers advantages over existing Debugging systems.

One of the literary techniques which was expressed in the Russian formalist doctrine is defamiliarization. defamiliarization means to renew things that are famihiar.Using this technique, poet or artist can efface the obsolescence of repeat and addiction from the tangible reality of life, defamiliarization can caused, forgrounding and intrest the addressed.This technique would revival the literature and rescue it from obsolescence.Sohrab sepehri was one of the professional poets which was used thise technique in his poems.He was rendered, beautiful and fantastic images by dominance of this technique, and perfused a new revival in the vessal of repetitive metaphors that deprive literary exclusivity from literature Thise essay include peruseing the defamiliarization aspects and it basis in the sohrab sepehri poems.

INTRODUCTIONExtraction and processing of various features with the help of aerial imagery reduces the time and financial costs associated with the use of ground mapping and the resulting human error. Advances in the field of aerial sensors in terms of spatial and spectral resolution with precise place and performance picking up altitude from the ground have led to the use of each part of information about terrestrial phenomena such as spectral and spatial characteristics Brought. Today, complementary data used to detect complications are Lidar data, the sensor of which is sent and received, and the electromagnetic spectrum in the near-infrared spectrum (in its aerial form) and joined the spectrum. Pays close infrared and green band (in space type). DATA AND METHODSLidar data and spectral images were analyzed using different types of algorithms effective in landfill extraction to assess density. New layers of images were obtained in the form of raster from the study area, which was analyzed by performing slope extraction steps on flat and sloping surfaces. Buildings that were definitely not buildings were removed. The size and spectral characteristics of the missing structures were identified and the parcels were redistributed to extract the impermeable surfaces. Which led to the achievement of two levels of parcels and impenetrable points. The data set is related to the northern part of Bandar Anzali, which includes a vertical aerial photograph, irregular cloud points of the region with dense one to two points per square meter with an average point space of 0.69 square meters, and vertical aerial photograph with spatial resolution. It is 8 cm square. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn this study, a different method for extracting buildings using airborne Lidar data and ultracam images was presented. The proposed system used geometric and spatial information of Lidar data and ultracam images, which included three general steps, in the first step; Lidar data were filtered and extracted using spectral clustering of buildings. In the second step; The obtained model was compared with the two-dimensional boundaries of buildings by the height threshold method. In the third step; After extraction, the first building boundaries were merged with the structures extracted by the checker algorithm. In the stage of separating terrestrial from non-terrestrial points, all points related to land were classified and extracted. The remaining points were classified as roof points, which were dealt with in the fault section of the buildings. All the functions used enabled the system to successfully extract the structures from the Lidar data. CONCLUSIONThe data for the first return points were subtracted from the data for the last return points and a fixed value was obtained which depended on the altitude accuracy of the difference between the two returns. In addition to the mentioned method, the clustering method was used during the research that each cluster belonged to a roof section so that the characteristics of each surface model could be easily determined.Then, to complete the shape of the roof, the footprint of the building that was extracted was used. In fact, the borderlines and inner vertices extracted only part of the shape of the border. Other sections, such as vertical edges, were not detected due to intersection. This is due to the lack of front sampling. Finally, the items extracted through spectral clustering in eCoginition software and two-dimensional boundaries extracted from ENVI Lidar software, to increase the accuracy of land surface extraction (buildings) and make the area of ​​buildings studied in this data Were merged. As mentioned; After extraction, the primary building boundaries were merged with the structures extracted by the checker algorithm. In the section of buildings diagnostics, buildings with errors were discussed and the evaluation of the results showed that the system used has relatively reached the set goals and the methods used include the threshold method. Elevation, clustering, spectral method, and integration method were evaluated for each of the four blocks with error rates of 28%, 15%, and 0%, respectively, based on the area of ​​extracted tolls to the study area. The error of each building was first examined in general and then in detail, and it was found that aerial Lidar technology has an extraordinary ability to collect very right and dense samples of altitude measurements of cities and a new level of detail information can be Accurately extracted building density automatically and efficiently from aerial Lidar data. In 417 buildings that were surveyed and analyzed, the height of the buildings was achieved with high accuracy and all the buildings in the study area were extracted with a compact and organic density as well as scattered and planned.

Different programmers code in different ways. Knowing these habits and the human factors that affect them significantly impacts teaching and task assignments in programming. This article examines the effect of cognitive style on programming habits. We used a questionnaire to obtain data on cognitive style, programming experience, programming skill, interest in programming, and programming habits from 275 student programmers. After preprocessing and feature selection, we evaluated the effectiveness of different data mining techniques in estimating programming habits. Using the Support Vector Machine, the most effective method, we predicted each programming habit once without cognitive style and the second time with cognitive style. The results showed that cognitive style affects the programming habit of "systematic Debugging" with Glass's Delta value = 0. 22. Programmers with a median score in cognitive style, both analytic and Intuitive, more often debug their codes systematically than programmers with lower or higher scores in cognitive style. Thus assigning programmers with both Intuitive and analytic talent would be more effective when projects need systematic Debugging. Moreover, trainers should pay more attention to only Intuitive or only analytical students when teaching systematic Debugging. We recommend teachers, trainers, and managers consider cognitive style in programming.

This paper presents a general software reliability growth model (SRGM) based on nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP). Although many research have been devoted to unify some NHPP models, most of them either only consider imperfect Debugging, learning phenomenon, or take fault removal efficiency as a constant. Consideration of the variation of fault removal efficiency during Debugging period in the exiting models is limited. The general model in this paper is the first unified scheme of some NHPP models which take fault removal efficiency as a function of Debugging time. Fault detection rate (FDR) is usually used to measure the effectiveness of fault detection of test techniques and test cases. Most researchers assume a constant FDR in deriving their SRGMs. Because of learning process of testers, some researchers take FDR as increasing functions over testing period. Some literature take FDR as decreasing functions because failures removed first have higher detected rate. A bell-shaped FDR function is proposed which integrates both learning phenomenon and inherent FDR. As a special case of the general SRGM, a NHPP SRGM called PBbell-SRGM is put forward which integrates the proposed FDR function and fault removal efficiency. PBbell-SRGM is evaluated using a set of software failure data. The results show that PBbell-SRGM fits the given failure data better than some selected NHPP models.

The statistical-based software fault localization approaches highly depend on the program inputs and become unstable as input data changes. Therefore, generating appropriate test data plays an essential role in the quality of the software fault-localization process. This paper presents an approach to improving program fault localization by generating new test data. The minimized test suite determines the faulty execution path and the fault suspiciousness of each statement in the path is generated. First, the suspicious statements in the faulty path are determined. To this aim, the conditions of the faulty execution path are contradicted from the end to the beginning, and test data is created for the desired path using the Z3 solver. Afterward, the program under test is executed with the generated test data using the Concolic testing technique. The fault-suspicious branch is determined depending on the passing or failing of the program execution. As a result, the region of statements for applying the causal-statistical approach is minimized. The proposed approach is evaluated on the four projects in the Defects4J benchmark. The results show that 75% of faults are localized by examining a maximum of 1% of the program's source code. Compared to the related work, the results have improved by 17.98%. Moreover, the mean number of sentences examined for fault localization decreases by 16.78% in the worst case.

The present study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy, achievement goals (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance approach and performance-avoidance), with metacognition, and compared the students' metacognition factors (knowledge of cognition and knowledge of regulation). The population of this study consisted of female high school students (1389-1390) in Mamasani. The sample of this study consisted of 230 first-grade female students who were selected randomly by multi-stage random sampling method. The instruments for collecting data consisted of self-efficacy subscale of MSLQ (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia& Mckeachie, 1993), three subscales (mastery-approach, performance approach and performance-avoidance) of Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (Midgley, 2000), mastery-avoidance subscale of Achievement Goals Scale (Andrew, Elliott, Holly, Mc-Gregor, 2001) and Metacognition Awareness Inventory (Schraw & Dennison, 1994). The regression analysis also revealed that self-efficacy and achievement goals have important roles in predicting metacognition factors. Results of Canonical analysis showed that linear combination of metacognition factors (declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, conditional knowledge, planning, monitoring, information management, Debugging and evaluation) was predicted by a linear combination of motivational factors (self-efficacy, mastery approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance avoidance goals). In addition, the repeated measures ANOVA showed that students have significant differences in terms of levels of knowledge of cognition (declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and conditional knowledge) and knowledge of regulation (planning, monitoring, information management, Debugging and evaluation).

Nowadays, due to the increased use of web-based applications and storage and exchange of sensitive inforamtion by this category of programs, it is necessary to detect security vulnerabilities and remove them to keep them secure against the misuse of intrusions. In most cases, the Static Analysis is especially valuable in security assurance and detection of security vulnerabilities, while dynamic analysis goal is finding and Debugging the errors. In this paper, we present a new approach that detects common vulnerabilities in web applications by Probable Data Flow Analysis on Vulnerability Probability Graph. VPG is designed to consider the points with more probable to vulnerability and PDF Analysis is designed for the increase of accuracy in vulnerability detection. The proposed approach was tested on a few web applications and the results were compared with a few other tools that we observed improvement in performance in some cases.

The domestic plasma modeling framework AZERAP is introduced and its capabilities in simulating the plasma based accelerators and intense beam-plasma interaction are discussed. The current first beta-release of AZERAP exploits the fully kinetic, electromagnetic relativistic PIC algorithm as its numerical engine. It is implemented in the object oriented language C++ and utilizes the Message Passing Interface (MPI) for parallelization. The main idea behind the development of AZERAP has been establishing a software platform for virtual plasma laboratory for plasma based particle beam sources and high power electromagnetic generators. Achieving this goal has implied attaining high functionality in introducing the input problem, supporting abstraction of the field and plasma structures/modules, and supporting high flexibility for future developments. The present first beta-release of AZERAP paws the way toward these objectives. Moreover, it offers a very comfortable user experience with code compile, Debugging, execution, data accusation and data animation, simulating plasma based accelerators.

Methodology By Debugging the classic concepts and from a historical standpoint tried to follow the problem and to develop the methodology. The paper presented a critical analysis of the related structures based on a critical reading of the actions of cultural, political and economic actors. Findings For developing of a national program the preferable procedure is a mediating and consensus-based approach. The desired path is an alternative normative and innovative model, and a combination of action and mindset. Results Live, artistic, and positive action, leads to a reduction in the structure's violence and their expanding and deepening of impact of the agent. The evolution of structures also paves the way for institutional transformation. An enhancement in the consensus is provided by trying to deploy constructive relationships between the two components of “ order” and” change” . Recommendation: the planning highway should be known as an ecstasy (love and existential passion) of actors. Enhancing of the capacity for commensurability and interaction for all are two important dimensions of ecstasy. . The indicators of growth and productivity need to be read critical. The teachings of post-structural the understanding and interpretation, positivist and post developmental doctrines may be inspirational.