Today, online social networks (OSNs) have gained an important role in everyday human life. With the ever Increasing use of different types of OSNs as well as the extension of social interactions, the role of trust has become significantly more important. The success of the social network depends on the correct analysis of social situations, interactions and applying appropriate approaches according to each specific situation. Trust and Distrust are two considerable factors to analyze these networks. The main purpose of this research has been to improve the accuracy of calculating trust and Distrust based on the theoretical foundation of social interactions as well as the decision making in the social environment. By reviewing the body of literature in the fields of sociology and psychology focusing on trust and Distrust in the social environments, we have concluded that Distrust information, as well as trust, plays an important role in social interactions and decision making. The construct of trust and Distrust are independent but they affect one another. This independent identity means that they are counting on the basis of the attributes and related factors. The aim of this research has been to model the co-existence of trust and Distrust in maintaining the independence of each identity while considering different criteria for each of them. Based on the theorem of subjective logic we have modeled the coexistence of trust and Distrust. So far, the existing models have only focused on trust information and its corresponding calculations. There are other works that have focused on Distrust Information. But, in these models, Distrust information has been gathered directly by users or calculated based on trust information sources. Therefore, in this research, we have proposed the calculation of trust and Distrust based on individual and entangled trust and Distrust formation factors. These factors are used in the decision making process. The results of the performed evaluations demonstrate that the proposed model has generated more accurate outcomes in calculating trust and Distrust within a trust-based decision making context compared to other existing models.

Today, the ideas of economic growth and development of innovation in the manufacturing process is one of the more important determinants of development and economic growth of countries. Innovation may increase profits and market share firms provide higher economic growth will result. The concept of innovation in recent years has evolved considerably. Consequences of changes in the innovative concept of social capital as one of the main factors explaining the innovation. In fact, the theory of evolution based on innovation concluded that innovation is not simply a function of the form of tangible assets. But one of the main factors determining the realization of innovation an intangible asset called social capital. In this research, analyze ideas Fukuyama radius and panel data on the effects of social capital on innovation-driven public confidence in the medium-income countries have paid during the period 2007-1996. The results show that the estimated range of public trust as the main indicator of social capital Expresses confidence that unknown persons and other groups of family and friends is a positive and significant effect on the level of innovation.

The issue of succession as one of the enduring issues in the history of Iran has had lots of implications and reflections on political, social, and economic arenas of the country. This article attempts to evaluate and analyze one of the outcomes of the issue of succession, e.g. removing and murdering Qajar ministers, in the context of political culture and in relation with the issue mentioned. The present article, taking advantage of a new approach, starts with an answer to the question: "why did the issue of succession during Qajar dynasty led to removing ministers who had a hand in the process of succession?" The hypothesis proposed in this article is: the issue of succession and interference of Qajar ministers, regarding political Distrust existing in the political culture of Iran, made the Qajar kings suspect and mistrust their ministers and be afraid of losing their own position; all these matters ended to murdering the ministers as a result of the issue of succession and political Distrust.

Political mistrust is one of the biggest challenges faced by political leaders after the victory of revolutions, and Iran's Islamic revolution is no exception to this rule and may face such a challenge. Therefore, the present research examines political mistrust as a challenge affecting the future of the revolution by referring to Pippa Norris's theory and pathological and futurist approaches. Norris explains political Distrust by referring to five indicators of support for the political community, the constitution, executive affairs, institutions and political activists. The findings of the research show two categories of internal and external factors: the inefficiency of governments and statesmen, the lack of accountability and responsibility of statesmen, the political indifference of the people, the increase in political-administrative corruption, the growing expectations of young people, the lack of channeling of demands through civil institutions, the intensification of cognitive wars, the development Feminist activities in the country, the Indo-Balkanization of the country and networking to confront the Islamic Republic of Iran and the scenarios designed through the cognitive, ideological, information wars, military operations, etc. of the enemies of the revolution are among the most important factors in creating the challenge of political mistrust in the fifth decade of the revolution. . The results of the research show that providing effective basic solutions and formulating efficient strategies, paying close attention to the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, effective management, improving and reforming the living conditions of the people, improving the level of economic stability and fighting financial corruption, fair distribution of wealth, supervision, It will strengthen and strengthen the nation's political trust in the political system in the coming decade.

Trust is an essential factor in many kinds of human interactions, allowing people to act under uncertainty and with the risk of negative consequences. In electronic commerce (EC) because the product not introduced like traditional business, the role of building trust is more prominent so that the trust between stores and customers in e-commerce can build relationships based on mutual trust and create important and positive impact on intention to purchase the product. Trust has an important influence on electronic customers activities and thereby on e-commerce success especially in B2C (business to consumer) model. Many factors influence the level of trust in the EC. One of the key factors to promote the level of trust is vendor's web site. The role of vendor's web site as the interface that is directly associated with online customer and as the symbol for the introduction of the vendor and the products is very critical. The rationale behind this approach is to gain insight into how and why people trust or Distrust a website and to gather information about website characteristics related to trust and Distrust. The statistical population of this research are all Iranian users of electronic stores and the sample size is 384. In the process of research, the theoretical model of research includes the impact of four factors which are electronic store, security, website content and structure on trust and Distrust. The model variables are identified and asked in form of a questionnaire through members of the sample. After data collection we evaluate research model by using structural equation with Smart-PLS 2.0 software. The research results confirmed the impact of all four factors on trust and Distrust. Ultimately these factors are ranked in terms of impact on the trust and Distrust. The most important factor to build online trust was identified security while electronic store was the most effective factor on Distrust.

Objectives Despite the importance of obsessive Distrust as a common type of relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD), there is no suitable scale to measure this structure in the Iranian population. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the obsessive Distrust inventory (ODIS) for Iranian college students Methods In this descriptive psychometrics study, 365 married students from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2021-2022 participated. They were selected using a convenience sampling method. The internal consistency of the Persian ODIS was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Depression anxiety and stress scale-21 (DASS-21), partner-related obsessive-compulsive symptom inventory (PROCSI), and obsessional compulsive inventory – revised (OCI-R) were used to evaluate convergent validity. Results The CFA results confirmed the single-factor structure of the Persian ODIS. The convergent validity assessment showed the significant positive correlation of the Persian ODIS with the scores of DASS-21, PROCSI, and OCI-R (P<0. 01). The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale was obtained as 0. 94 Conclusion The Persian ODIS has acceptable validity and reliability for the Iranian population. It can be used in clinical and research fields to screen, diagnose, and monitor obsessive Distrust in ROCD.

Knowledge sharing is one of the main components of knowledge management that has a prominent role in universities for generating new knowledge and competitive advantage. Social trust has the mechanism of facilitating in knowledge sharing. Social trust is a mediator mechanism in sharing knowledge. Thus, the main purpose of this research is a social Distrust in knowledge sharing as a social problem. The method of this study was descriptive-survey. The population of this study was graduate students of Tabriz University and with using of Cochran formula and proportional Sampling 650 person selected as a sample size. Reliability coefficients for social trust (0. 776) and dependent variable of research is (0. 812) This suggests that the selected items are suitable for measuring the variables of the research. The data gathering tool was a social trust and knowledge sharing questionnaire that was analyzed using SPSS software version22. Findings show a positive and significant relationship between social trust and student's knowledge sharing(r=0/556). There is also a positive and significant correlation between social trust components with knowledge sharing. The results of the correlation test indicate that the age and the score of students have a positive and significant relationship with knowledge sharing. T-test analysis show that knowledge sharing does not have significant difference based on gender of students. The results of the regression show that the component of social trust explain39% of knowledge sharing variance. Meanwhile, the role of toward collaboration is more than other factors. Therefore, in order to increase the level of knowledge sharing among graduate students the factors affecting social trust should be seriously considered.

Background and Aim: The connection of physicians and patients is one of the most important human contacts in the health system and Trust is the basis of this connection. The health system is associated with all levels of society and because of the sensitivity, the capacity to create excitement and to be related to the health of people has a better chance of gossip and thus has an effect on trust. Making and publishing false news in social media about medical experiences and their impact on the health system is a major new topic for an important new issue study. One of the interests of governments is controlling the production and distribution of false news in social media. The researcher's observations showed that much of the rumor in the social media was linked to the health system; therefore, the study began. Materials and Methods: Interview and focus group were used for writing this research paper. The data obtained from it are used in the Grounded Theory method. Findings: The study showed that the lack of legal accountability for published content has led to rumored publication in social media with the lowest possible cost. The lack of proper information, the economic cycle of rumor and inefficiency, are the main factors behind the creation and dissemination of rumors about the health system which has reduced the confidence of the health system. The change in the media system towards flattening and the elimination of control mechanisms and goalkeeping of news, the health system, like other governance systems, weakened in news management. Ethical Considerations: This research paper uses data from a PhD thesis in Media Management at Islamic Azad University. Conclusion: The researcher propos that parts of the health system that are responsible for the health system brand management will understand the changes in the media system and increase their activity in the networking community.