Background: According to the hypothesis, COVID-19 is less prevalent in regions with warm climates. Contradictory results have led us to investigate the correlation between temperature and the cumulative COVID-19 incidence rate. Methods: We obtained COVID-19 data from CRONALAB, COVID-DASHBOARD, and MCMC databases of Fars Province, Iran, linked the data and finalized daily COVID-19 cases. The daily data on the temperature was gotten from meteorological stations’,reports from March 21, 2020, to March 21, 2021, for each county of Fars Province, Southern Iran. The daily weighted cumulative incidence rate of COVID-19 cases was calculated for all counties, separately. Initially, for uniform data visualization, the average air temperature data were transformed into ranked percentiles. Then, to visually assess the study hypothesis, the distribution of COVID-19 cumulative incidence was visualized on percentiles of temperature. Given the non-linear distribution of the data, we performed exploratory analyses using the generalized additive models and locally weighted (polynomial) regressions to choose the best response function. Then, the generalized linear models were used to parametrically build the model. Results: The generalized additive models showed a small decreasing, near horizontal, linear pattern for COVID-19 incidence rate as the function of temperature (pseudo R2: 0. 001, deviance explained: 0. 13%, coefficient:-0. 02). The GLMs showed head-to-head results (deviance explained: 0. 13%, coefficient:-0. 02], supported by similar Akaike information criteria (AICs) (34945). However, according to the locally weighted regressions model’, s curve, lower COVID-19 incidence rates were recorded on days when the temperatures ranged from 60 to 80 percentiles, equal to 20°, C to 25°, C in a cold climate and 25°, C to 35°, C in a warm climate. This is while the rates increased at lower and upper temperatures. Conclusion: Daily COVID-19 incidence rate cannot be explained as a function of daily temperature in Southern parts of Iran. Higher rates of disease transmission out of the range of 20°, C to 25°, C for cold temperatures and 25°, C to 35°, C for warm climates might be linked to people’, s indoor gatherings, coupled with insufficient ventilation.

Background: Maternal mortality (MM) is an avoidable death and there is national, international and political commitment to reduce it. The objective of this study is to examine the relation of MM to socioeconomic factors and its inequality in Iran’s provinces at an ecologic level.Methods: The overall MM from each province was considered for 3 years from 2004 to 2006. The five independent variables whose relations were studied included the literacy rate among men and women in each province, mean annual household income per capita, Gini coefficients in each province, and Human Development Index (HDI). The correlation of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to the above five variables was evaluated through Pearson’s correlation coefficient (simple and weighted for each province’s population) and linear regression – by considering MMR as the dependent variable and the Gini coefficient, HDI, and difference in literacy rate among men and women as the independent variables.Results: The mean MMR in the years 2004-2006 was 24.7 in 100, 000 live births. The correlation coefficients between MMR and literacy rate among women, literacy rate among men, the mean annual household income per capita, Gini coefficient and HDI were 0.82, 0.90, -0.61, 0.52 and -0.77, respectively. Based on multivariate regression, MMR was significantly associated with HDI (standardized B=-0.93) and difference in literacy rate among men and women (standardized B=-0.47). However, MMR was not significantly associated with the Gini coefficient.Conclusion: This study shows the association between socioeconomic variables and their inequalities with MMR in Iran’s provinces at an ecologic level. In addition to the other direct interventions performed to reduce MM, it seems essential to especially focus on more distal factors influencing MMR.

The Anzali wetland on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea was once 60k long along the east-west axis and covered a nearly 250km2 of the area. This water basin was once one of the biggest sources of fresh water and was surrounded by many flourishing rural habitations. Until 70 year ago, Anzali wetland served as a waterway for the travellers to the Caspian Sea ports and beyond to the European cities. In the first half of the last century, this wetland was the main provider of nutrients (protein and rice) and other daily necessities of the people living near by. The natives acquired habits and life styles derived from living for centuries in a dependency relationship to the wetland and the Caspian ecosystem and became dependent on it. In fact, Anzali wetland served as a sort of identity for the people living in the area. They recount stories heared about the wetland or recite their own ecounters with it. This reflect an unblemished culture and a healthy outlook which reflected close proximity to nature.During the last three decades, the impact of the human activities and manipulations on the wetlands ecosystem have been, so severe that caused it to be in the process of dying prematurely and thus depriving future generations from reaping any benefit from the wetland. Measures now being taken, knowingly, or unknowingly, to revitalize the wetland as a naturel habitat and a source of nourishment; seem doomed in the light of the enormous and uncontrollable damages being inflicted on the wetland. Road construction, pollution and siltation, caused by the polluted rivers pouring to it, have ruined this once vital water basin, (and one of the worlds recognized natural habitats), thus losing its global importance.The first part of this article is a chronology of the wetland, which is based on research and frequent visits to the area from 1960to 2001. The next part will deal with the distribution of the aquatic plants in the wetland and the diversity of its plant life.

Haloxylon aphyllum is an important plant species, which is widely used in sand dune fixation. Desirable characteristics of the species and high compatibility to arid areas caused the species to be increasingly planted in the areas. Since the species produces suitable high protein forage for livestock, during winter and autumn seasons, it could be used in livestock production as well as environment concerns. The research was carried out on progenies of 29 Haloxylon aphyllum genotypes, collected from four different sites, during 1998-2003 to select desirable genotypes, in Semnan province, using a randomized block design with three replications. Plant height, canopy cover, collar diameter, first lateral branch height from collar, seed production, pecil and trips resistance were recorded on the single plants. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis were used to evaluate qualitative variation between the studied genotypes in order to select the elite genotypes of the species to be used in breeding purposes, including seed orchard establishment. Eleven elite genotypes were detected based on the results of the experiment.

New Page 1 Introduction and Aims: Both observational and experimental studies have shown that higher selenium status reduces the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers in selenium deficient populations. Recent cancer registry data have shown very different rates of esophageal cancer (EC) and gastric cancer (GC) in four provinces of Iran, namely Ardabil, Mazandaran, Golestan, and Kerman. The aim of this study was to have a preliminary assessment of the hypothesis that high rates of EC in Golestan and high rates of GC in Ardabil may be partly attributable to selenium deficiency. Materials and Methods: We measured serum selenium in 300 healthy adults from Ardabil (n=100), Mazandaran (n=50), Golestan (n=100), and Kerman (n=50), using inductively coupled plasma, with dynamic reaction cell, mass spectrometry (ICP-DRC-MS) at the US Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Georgia). Results: The median serum selenium concentrations were very different in the four provinces. The medians (IQR) for selenium in Ardabil, Mazandaran, Golestan, and Kerman were 82 (75-94), 123 (111-132), 155 (141-173), and 119 (110 -128) μg/L, respectively (p<0.001). The results of linear regression showed that the province variable, by itself, explained 76% of the variance in log selenium (r2=0.76). The proportion of the populations with a serum selenium more than 90 μg/L (the concentration at which serum selenoproteins are saturated) was 100% in Golestan, Kerman, and Mazandaran but only 29% in Ardabil. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that selenium deficiency is not a major contributor to the high incidence of EC seen in northeastern Iran, but it may play a role in the high incidence of GC in Ardabil province.

The assessment of environmental flows in a river ecosystem is a new practice in Iran. The main aim of the present study was to use different Eco-hydraulic-hydrologic methods to determine the environmental flow requirements in a typical perennial river. The ecological needs of the transboundary Zab River (located in the northwest of Iran) were investigated in three different reaches along the 160 km length of the river course using the hydraulic-wetted perimeter method (and taking advantage of the two different algorithms of slope method and maximum curvature), the synthetic habitat simulation method, and the water quality control method. The results were compared with those obtained from different echo-hydrologic methods. It was found that the FDC Shifting method (considering Class B: ecologically important rivers despite water resources development) is well adapted to the conditions in the upper reaches of the river (Derabkay Khaneh). The synthetic Eco-hydraulic method is to be recommended for the middle and downstream reaches (Grezhal and Pol-Sardasht) providing the ecological requirements of the Barbus Capito fish (as the bio– indicator species) are met. The mean annual flows in the three river reaches are determined as 2.3, 7.6, and 7.9m3/s, respectively. The potential monthly flow rates are also proposed for preserving the riverine life.

The study of contemporary architectural research begins with the arrival of the East Asian land, including Iran. In studies, indigenous researchers are also seen. It can be considered as a product of modern science. In post-theories, it has been attempted to look at the relationship between the sciences and the cultural ecology of such a view of the researchers, especially ecologists and sociologists. Data analysis method is qualitative analysis and data collection method is documented. The communication pattern and consequently the architecture with the canvas and the human being demonstrate the ability to enter the culture of culture in architectural research, particularly in sustainable architectural research. The present study, introducing cultural ecology of environmental and cultural factors, serves as a model for the residence model and its body products, which are the Iranian home yard, and introduces them to the environmental factors such as the topology, climate, and geography of the Iranian house.

Objective(s): The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between health indicators of rural with income.Methods: In this study, two series information is used, information on health indicators country that is extracted from total villages of the country in 2005 divided the province and information about statistical results of expenditure and income of rural households in 2004 was obtained from Statistical Center of Iran.Results: The results showed there is a significant relationship between neonatal death rate for children one month to less than 5 years, child mortality under 5 years, the children death rate of less than 1 year, overhead and 15 to 64 percent of the population with annual income of rural family (P<0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the economic variable is related to people’s health status. Increased health care services in the villages of the country's income levels are lower in reducing inequality is essential.

Introduction: Melanoids was previously found in Hormozgan province. In Khuzestan province up to 2.9% of these snails were infected to cercaria of trematodes but there was not any report about its parasitologic aspects in Hormozgan province. This study was performed to find ecological and paeasitological aspects of Melanoides tuberculata in Hormozgan province south of Iran. Methods: In this descriptive study 223 snails were collected from 6 points in Bandar Abbas district. Upon diagnosis of 208 snails as Melanoides tuberculata in laboratory they were crushed and their probable cercaria was checked out by a dissecting microscope. The data were analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and other ecological information of the region. Results: From 208 Melanoids snails 43 cases (20.67%) were infected with trematodes larval stage.Conclusion: These cercarias were classified as Gymnocephalus and Xiphydiocarcaria. It is possible that in special situations these parasites infect the people.