Background and Objective: Increasing population and construction of tall buildings have multiplied the presence of environmental pollutants in cities. On the other hand, people use open urban environments more than before to meet their living needs. In this regard, various factors such as the layout of buildings and the presence of continuous wind currents can play a significant role in the distribution of pollutant particles. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of the layout of high-rise residential buildings on the distribution of pollutant particles by recognizing the air flow in Tehran. Method: In this research, using descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, using simulation technique using ENVI-met software, wind behavior around the distribution of pollutants has been investigated and analyzed. The method of data collection has been done through library studies and field survey. Findings: According to the modeling of the two different types of layout of selected urban block (Sobhan residential complex in Gheytariyeh district, Tehran)with similar building form– one as the existing situation and the other as the proposed model with orderly layout, the findings demonstrate that the layout alternation of residential blocks affects the natural airflow and wind speed between blocks and an improper and non-methodical locating of high-rise buildings causes a change in natural wind pattern and consequently, leads to secondary effects resulted from intensification or stagnation of wind and thus, influences the dispersion of pollutant particles. Discussion and Conclusion: In this research, the obtained results from the two models of buildings layout in the software and the output related to the intensity of wind and the retention level of CO show that the existing situation model is more desirable compared to the proposed layout due to more unified and higher wind speed throughout the site and also proper air circulation between blocks which causes the dispersion of pollution and prevents the retention of pollutant particles.

Introduction: The increasing population and the construction of high-rise buildings have multiplied the environmental pollution in cities. On the other hand, people are more likely to use open urban environments to meet their biological needs. In this regard, various factors such as forms and heights of buildings and the presence of continuous stream of wind can play a significant role in the distribution of pollutant particles. Research aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the forms, heights and green faç, ade of high-rise residential buildings on the distribution of pollutant particles, by recognizing district one of Tehran's urban air flow. Methodology: To this, a library research method was used to collect information, analytical-descriptive as well as computer simulation with ENVI-met software and ANSYS to select the appropriate model. According to the modeling done for the nine different types of building with different forms and heights, it was concluded that changing these factors in residential building on the air flow Natural and wind speeds affect thus affect the distribution of particulate matter. Studied Areas: The study area is district 1 of Tehran city, the Koh Noor tower, the intersection of Kamraniyeh and Andarzgo. Result: Qualitative findings from coding the components of causal factors (capable managerial feature of the situation of markets and sales centers),contextual factors (urban geography, tourist attractions),Intervening factors (religious and belief, existence of appropriate citizenship laws),Strategies (carrying out an important event (sports, scientific, etc. ), welfare services, medical treatment, cultural education, advertising and information),And it has identified the consequences (service quality, citizens' behavior with tourists, the amount of foreign investment in related industries and projects) as influencing factors on urban branding. Conclusion: In this study, the results of modeling show the residual amount of particulate matter around 9 tall building models, of which the square shape with 20-degree height in the specified position is more suitable than other options.

The success of a public urban space is in attraction of the citizens to itself. The climate conditions and the conditions of thermal comfort are factors affecting the usage pattern of pedestrians in public urban spaces. In general, awareness of sensory information and understanding of the complex process called the perception of them. Psychological aspects and its impact on the evaluation of thermal comfort make a different perception of thermal sensation. Adaptation is the most important psychological factors affecting thermal comfort perception. With the focus on functional factors, factors were evaluated in the case studies using inductive and deductive methods and survey studies. In the objective section, after collecting climate data required for urban areas studied and at different times of the day and in both the cold and warm seasons (January and July), analysis was performed. In the mental section, after extracting the studied variables such as personal characteristics, the reason and time of exposure, type and amount of activities, etc. the variables were assessed by observation, collaborative approach and using the views of pedestrians in the case studies. Then, a part of the results of questionnaire was analyzed in terms of causal relationships and correlation using SPSS software and another part was analyzed qualitatively. In order to prepare the questionnaire, some questions were set corresponding to each criterion. It was designed based on 5-option Likert scale. According to the Cochran formula, sample size was totally estimated 390 for both cold and warm seasons (the peak of cold and heat and lack of thermal comfort in Tehran Town) and both case studied. With the inclusion of some questionnaires with runtime errors of thermal comfort and environmental psychology were asked to revise the questionnaire. 50 questionnaire were firstly considered as Pretest and then 150 questionnaires were filled out (that is, a total of 200 for the winter) and 200 other questionnaires were filled out in the summer. In the present study, case studies are two historical urban spaces located in the center of Tehran Town: Imam Khomeini (AS) Square) that named in this article’ s analyzes as place 1) and Imam Hussain Square )that named in this article’ s analyzes as place 2). Also, in Imam Hussain (AS) Square, there is a 17th Shahrivar walkway which is connected to the square and there is a Bab-e Homayun walkway in Imam Khomeini Square. As a conclusion it should be noted that the main objective of present study is: to change urban planners’ perspective from prioritizing physical comfort (whether thermal comfort of its other types such as light, smell, visual comfort, etc. ) to promoting psychological aspects of environment.

Background and Objective: Increasing population growth and construction of high-rise buildings have doubled the amount of environmental pollution in the cities. Moreover, people use the open urban spaces more than before in order to meet their ecological needs. Accordingly, some parameters such as various vegetation and continuous winds streams can be considerably influential in transmittance of the particle pollution. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the impacts of different green roofs on the dispersion of pollutants in the standpoint of height and density for urban airflow condition of Shiraz City, Iran.Materials and Methods: In this study, a literature review in the field computer simulation with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model in Envimet software environment was used.Results: Regarding the importance of using vegetation in the urban spaces, vertical dispersion of the particles in presence of vegetation was explored. By comparing the basic model (without vegetation) results with models including vegetation with short, medium and high crowns, it was revealed that vegetation with medium crowns is the closest model to the basic model with a difference of 7.65 m2/s in terms of vertical dispersion of particles; in fact, it was the most optimized condition for maximizing the dispersion of environmental pollutants.Conclusion: The results showed that the green roofs in the buildings increase the horizontal dispersion of the particulate pollution and decrease this term in the vertical dispersion. Finally, by an expansion of green roof usage in the buildings the sustainability in architecture and urbanism can be achieved.

The expansion of urban societies caused significant changes in the living environment of humans. These changes caused many problems, including the increase in thermal tensions and lack of thermal comfort in the cities. Among these changes is the presence of artificial surfaces in urban spaces, which have replaced natural surfaces and include a high percentage of the surface of cities. The difference in the characteristics of the artificial surfaces has made their impact on the thermal comfort conditions of the environment different compared to the natural surfaces. In this research, sidewalks, which include a large part of artificial surfaces in cities, are the subject of study, and the effects of changes in their characteristics on thermal comfort in open spaces are evaluated. Field measurements and numerical simulation methods were used in this study. Field measurements were carried out by a data logger on the campus of Imam Khomeini University of Qazvin. Also, numerical simulations were performed for the hottest day of the year (July 25, 1401) by modeling the site using Envimet software. The results of the data obtained from the simulations were validated with the measured data. Then two characteristics of pavement materials, albedo (reflection coefficient) and material thickness, were investigated in different amounts of simulation and the results obtained from their impact on the thermal comfort of the environment were evaluated by two indices of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). According to the results, albedo has a greater effect on thermal indices, and reducing its value from 0.8 to 0.2 to a maximum of 3 and an average of 0.4 degrees Celsius will cause a decrease in the thermal comfort index of PET. The thickness of the pavement materials was also evaluated, and the related results indicate the very small and partial effect of changes in this characteristic on the thermal comfort of the environment.

Today, the rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing trend of greenhouse gas emissions, which continue to increase despite international efforts, have aggravated the climate change issue. Reaching an approach that balances the natural and built environment is one of the most essential human objectives in forming a favorable environment. To achieve such a goal, planning and designing cities in line with the principles of climate design is the primary and most crucial concern in this field of activity. The proposed criteria will encourage the process of becoming more energy resilient by planning a holistic approach to various and complex aspects of cities and looking at cities as dynamic complex systems in each urban functional area. Urban resilience refers to the ability of an urban system and all the social, environmental, and technical networks that make it up, in time and space scales, to maintain or quickly return to the intended function in the face of disruption, to adapt to rapid change and transformation of systems that limit current or future adaptive capacity. In the field of urban energy, resilience is inevitably linked to the concept of sustainability. However, the new towns planned in Iran to respond to the problems of the greater mother city at the level of metropolitan areas have not sufficiently considered the climatic conditions and local characteristics in the design. Therefore, according to the necessity of strategies to reduce energy consumption in the increasing trend of climate change, this research aims to investigate and analyze urban physical form design principles with an energy-based resilience approach to improve Thermal Comfort in Sadra New Town on the northwestern edge of Shiraz, the capital of Fars province. For this purpose, library studies and quantitative measurement using ENVI-met sub-climatic analysis software have followed the descriptive-analytical research method. In the first step, energy resilience criteria based on global energy resilience rating systems and theoretical research conducted, including smart location, resources and energy, transportation and use, neighborhood form and development pattern, and placemaking, were identified as five layers. Then, after designing the main structure of a sample neighborhood in Sadra according to the explained criteria for the physical form and energy-based resilient design and the physical and climatic analysis of the site, a series of selected points were simulated in Envimet software for which the thermal comfort index or the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was extracted in the hottest month of the year. The evaluation result showed that no part of the neighborhood is in the optimal temperature range. In other words, the area needs help in terms of the thermal comfort of pedestrians in the summer season during the hot hours of the day. Finally, design guidelines and regulations were presented on a smaller scale by measuring the plan’s deviation from thermal comfort standards compared to the physical design, sky visibility factor, and other climatic indicators. The outcome of this research is to re-composing physical form with an energy-based resilience approach in an urban neighborhood, presenting strategies and policies that are extensible to new developments.