The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two programs of standard sets and circuit weight training with different intensities on response of excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in young men. For this purpose, twelve healthy men (mean±SD: age, 21.92±1.1 years; height, 175.17±4.55cm; weight, 69.74±7.5kg) were voluntarily selected and participated in two stages of tests (resistance exercises at 50% and 75% of one repetition maximum). Excess post exercise oxygen consumption was measured before (baseline) and after resistance exercises for 90 minutes, each 30 minutes. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, dependent t test and independent t test. The results showed that after both types of exercise, oxygen volume (VO2) significantly increased after 90 minutes when compared to the baseline (P=0.001). However, at the third 30 minutes after resistance exercise with 50% 1RM, VO2 did not significantly increase. The caloric consumption significantly increased for half an hour after resistance exercise with 50% and for an hour after resistance exercise with 75% 1RM. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) significantly decreasedfollowing 90 minutes after both types of exercise when compared to the baseline (P=0.001). However, resistance exercise with 75% 1RM resulted in a greater increase in EPOC and caloric expenditure at three 30 minutes than resistance exercise with 50% 1RM. But there was no significant difference in RER between resistance exercises with 50% and 75% 1RM. In conclusion, these findings indicated that resistance exercise with standard sets and higher intensity resulted in greater EPOC during recovery until 90 minutes after exercise, so that if this type of training method is followed, it can be considered as a standard program to lose weight.

Background and Purpose: Exercise snacking has recently emerged as a novel, time-efficient, and practical strategy for improving metabolic health and cardiometabolic outcomes. This approach typically involves the distribution of very brief bouts of high-intensity exercise across the day, aiming to maximize metabolic stimulation while minimizing total time commitment. Although exercise snacking may improve glycemic control, aerobic fitness, and energy expenditure, human data comparing the effect of sprint-based exercise snacking and volume-matched intermittent-sprint exercise performed within a single session are scarce and we aimed to compare the acute metabolic and hormonal responses to these two exercise protocols in overweight men.Materials and Methods: In this randomized crossover design study 14 overweight men completed a single session of intermittent-sprint exercise (ISE), and a volume-matched intermittent-sprint exercise performed separately in the morning and afternoon (SES1 + SES2). Each sprint bout was based on a Wingate-style protocol. Respiratory gas exchange was continuously measured to assess excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and fat and carbohydrate oxidation, both cumulatively and at discrete time points, throughout a 30-minute recovery period following exercise. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and 30 minutes into recovery to determine concentrations of lactate, glucose, insulin, cortisol, the cortisol-to-insulin ratio, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glycerol, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA).Results: The findings demonstrated that the exercise snacking condition elicited significantly greater increases in EPOC, total energy expenditure, and cumulative oxidation of both fat and carbohydrate substrates compared to the volume-matched intermittent-sprint exercise condition (p<0.05). In contrast, glycolytic and sympathoadrenal responses, reflected by higher post-exercise lactate and catecholamine concentrations, were significantly higher immediately after the intermittent-sprint exercise session. Conversely, lipolytic markers, including circulating glycerol and NEFA concentrations, were significantly elevated during the late recovery phase following exercise snacking compared with intermittent-sprint exercise (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between conditions for mean RER or point-specific substrate oxidation rates during the recovery period.Conclusion: These findings indicate that distributing sprint exercise across the day in the form of exercise snacks, despite identical total exercise volume and intensity, induces greater cumulative metabolic stimulation and post-exercise energy expenditure than performing the same workload within a single intermittent session. This pattern appears to promote a more favorable lipolytic environment during recovery, which may have implications for enhancing fat oxidation in overweight men.

Background and Aim: Based on conflicting findings regarding fat oxidation induced by high-power (sprint) exercise with less than 3-4 bouts/day, the present study investigated the effect of a single and two-bout 20-second Wingate-based exercise (20-sec WBE) on excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and fat/carbohydrate oxidation rate in overweight/obese men. Materials and Methods: Fourteen middle-aged (mean 35.8±3.1 years) obese and overweight males (body mass index>25 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in a semi-experimental, within-subject, crossover study design (with a single week washout). Respiratory gas data were measured before, during, and 30 minutes after one- and two-bout 20-second high-power (sprint) 20-sec WBE. Warm-up in both protocols and interval in the two-20 sec WBE protocol consisted of 30 sec WBE (at speed 60-70 RPM) with an exercise-to-recovery ratio 1:1 with or without a quarter of 7.5 percent of body weight that continued cycling at 60 RPM with no resistance for three minutes. The data were analyzed using paired-t and repeated ANOVA tests at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: The energy cost during exercise and recovery, EPOC rate, and total carbohydrate oxidation in the two-bout protocol were significantly higher than in the one-bout protocol. However, the instantaneous and the total accumulated fat oxidation differences (from the beginning to the end of the 30-minute recovery) were not significant between the two protocols. However, no significant difference were found in RER between the two protocols. Conclusion: Increasing EPOC and daily energy expenditure after only a single- or two-Wingate-based sprint exercise (20-40 sec/day) may be a suitable strategy to improve fat oxidation for those overweight/obese people who do not have spare time to exercise.

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Merleau-Ponty’s theory, rooted in the embodied nature of human experience, suggests that when humans interact with others or their surroundings, they utilize their senses to form a coherent whole. This idea extends to the theory of multi-sensory perception of the environment by Pallasmaa. Therefore, the quality of the environment and the desire of people to be present in it, along with a set of other factors, is highly dependent on how it is perceived by humans. The success of spaces depends on the frequency of use and the sustained presence of people in that place. In the contemporary era, there is a noticeable decline in the presence of spaces, as indicated by various factors listed in recent research. It is necessary to know the criteria that create and promote presence in spaces, a presence that evokes the meaning and sense of place, in order to enrich the environment and the continuity of the event on an individual and collective scale. In this regard, the current research, relying on the theory of multisensory perception in architecture, tried to show that there is a positive relationship between the multisensory perception of spaces and their presence. At the same time, there is no doubt about the multi-sensory nature of the human perceptual mechanism in the process of interaction with the environment. However, there is not much information about the effect of these sensory perceptions, independently or in combination, on the user’s experience of the environment. The few research conducted in this framework indicate that the emphasis on the centrality of the sense of sight in the creation of spaces, mainly leads to the abandonment of other senses and a deficiency in the coherent sensory perception of the space, which itself, potentially, shows the possibility of reducing the presence of the space for the user.Methods: In this framework, the current research attempts to answer the question of which sensory stimuli in the environment, whether alone or in combination with each other, contribute to making the environment more present for those who experience it. A test was conducted to quantify the impact of stimulating the senses separately and in combination with the pleasantness of the space as an index of its presence. The subject group comprised 20 volunteers aged between 20 and 35, exhibiting a symmetrical gender distribution, and possessing bachelor’s and higher education levels. Volunteers were placed in a singular architectural space, simulated for them through virtual reality arrangements. They experienced four sensory stimuli (sight, hearing, smell, touch) both separately and in combination. At the same time, the emotional reactions of their brains to these stimuli were extracted and recorded in the form of 6 quantitative indicators, which include engagement, excitement, focus, interest, relaxation and stress, using the Emotiv EPOC+ device and in the Emotiv BCI software environment. Also, the level of pleasantness of the space for them was also recorded, based on their self-report, in a 5-point Likert scale. The resulting data were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyzes and tests in terms of the possible correlation between sensory stimuli and the pleasantness of the space.Findings: The findings of the research indicate that in indoor spaces, the presence of visual stimuli such as light, olfactory stimuli such as the smell of plants, and environmental tactile stimuli such as a gentle breeze have an observable effect on the pleasantness of the space and will make people more willing to stay in it. On the other hand, the research results have confidently demonstrated that auditory stimuli in the interior, particularly those with an unknown source and non-aesthetic sounds, are undesirable. However, non-passive vocal stimulation (with sounds of aesthetic quality) may have other results. Summarizing the findings makes it clear that in indoor spaces, the combination of visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli will increase the pleasantness of the space with a high degree of certainty. Also, with the aim of increasing the pleasantness of the space for the user, it is better to control tactile stimulation and minimize auditory stimulation - with an unknown source. Conclusion: It is necessary to know the factors that create and increase presence in spaces, a presence that evokes the meaning and sense of place, the degree of prosperity to the environment and continuity in individual and collective characteristics. In this regard, the current research, relying on the multi-sensory theory in architecture, tries to take a positive ratio of spaces and their presence. In general, the research findings suggest that enhancing assimilation in bodily perception and experience of space, such that spatial perceptions are not monosensory, visibly increases the pleasantness of the space. This is likely to contribute to the improvement of presence in the spaces.

The purpose of the present study was to examine, the effect of menstrual cycle on substrate metabolism during exhaustive incremental exercise in girl students. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 15 girls students (age=21.17±1.47 year, BMI=20.55±1.71kg/m2) who participated volunteerily.It has a crossover design and that is adjusted in three stages: bleeding, follicular and the late luteal of the menstrual cycle. Protocol exercise was increamental until exhaustion stage. Subject gas respiration was measured 30 minutes before exercise in lying position, during exhaustion incremental protocol and an hour after exercise which the last time measure was used as EPOC. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetery. To analyze data ANOVA with repeated measure and descriptive statistics were done. The result showed no significant differences in energy expenditure, performance, fat and carbohydrate oxidation in different stages of the menstrual cycle (bleeding, follicular and luteal) during exhaustive incremental exercise. An increamental exersiae, calories and carbs and fat oxidation in the bleeding stage, early follicular and late luteal probably due to the large no difference between the hormones estrogen and progesterone concentrations are not significantly different in young girls.

Introduction: The purpose of this s tudy was to inves tigate the neural effects of brand social responsibility (BSR) on consumer behavior. In the version of third marketing, consideration of the human spirit and its responsibility as a competitive s trategy has been proposed. Materials and Methods: The inves tigation method was an exploratory-laboratory. Electroencephalography ins truments were used to record brain signals through the EEG EPOC + 14 Electrode wireless device (emotive. co). After cleaning of signals by independent component analysis with EEGLAB software through the LORETA algorithm, the brain activity was localized. The s tudy was performed on a population of a scent consumers. An advertise with the nature of the social responsibility of the brand was shown to the experimental group. Brand consumers were selected as the control group. This group was not aware of the social responsibility. Results: The results showed that the left hemisphere was mos tly activated in the experimental group, whereas different regions in right hemisphere was activated in the control group. Conclusion: This s tudy sugges ted that the behavior triggered by sensory s timuli is due to the activation of both left-orientation and right-orientation of the brain. The localization of the brain activity (left or right) can be regulated in favor of a brand with respect to social responsibility.

Introduction: On the basis of the scientific evidence illustrating that emotions dominate the cognitive and behavioral processes. Emotions are required to be taken into account in advertising because the advertisement of branding social responsibility for organizations can be considered an emotional potential for promotion and a competitive strategic. . Methods: The research was an exploratory-laboratory method. In order to record brain signals, the Electroencephalography instrument using through the EEG EPOC + 14 Electrode wireless device was applied. After clearing the signals using Emotive 3D Brain Visualizer, the frequency band and its position were extracted. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of 25 people (examination and control), which is a stimulus in the form of advertising for the examination group with a social nature and for the control group with a completely economic nature. Results: Three-dimensional analysis of the brain in terms of brain wave production showed that the examination group had a significant frequency with respect to the nature of the high-frequency stimulus in the theta wave; also, the results of ANOVA confirm this. Conclusion: The results indicated that branding social responsibility could be effective in terms of its impact on the brain on brand reminders. This finding confirms previous studies that theta frequency band can affect memory if it exists.