Ethiopia’s childhood mortality has continued to decline although at a swift pace. The drop in urban childhood mortality decline, duration of breastfeeding is the principle reason for the overall decline in mortality trends in Ethiopia. Data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys 2000 and 2005 were used. Indirect estimation of Brass and Trussell’s methods were adopted. Selected demographic and socio-economic variables were included in the analysis with statistically significant effects. Findings clearly show neonatal and post neonatal mortality decline gradually. Even though, Ethiopia’s childhood mortality rates are still high. The result shows less than 2 years birth interval have higher infant mortality rates than higher birth interval (113 deaths per 1000). The proper spacing of births allows more time for childcare to make more maternal resources available for the care of the child and mother. Therefore, further research is urgent for regional level and national level investigation.

Background: Neonatal danger signs contribute to the high mortality of neonates in developing countries. Delays in recognition of danger signs and the decision to seek care contribute to most neonatal deaths in Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess mothers’,knowledge and associated factors on neonatal danger signs in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia. Methods: The current community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Nekemte, Ethiopia, in March 2019. The sample included 727 mothers who had given birth within the past 12 months. A multistage sampling technique was utilized to recruit participants and data were collected using face-to-face interviews. The collected data were entered into EPI info (version 7. 2. 0. 1) and analyzed using SPSS (version 23). To evaluate the knowledge of neonatal danger signs, a median score was used as the cut-off point. Mothers who spontaneously mentioned at least five danger signs were considered to have good knowledge of neonatal danger signs. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with knowledge of danger signs. Results: Of 727 participants, 707 mothers were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98. 3%. The median age of the participants was 27 years, with an interquartile range of ±,5. The result of the study indicated that 55. 6% [95%CI (52. 1%-59. 3%)] of mothers had good knowledge of neonatal danger signs. The adds ratio of having good knowledge of neonatal danger signs were associated with being married [AOR=2. 87, 95%CI (1. 27, 6. 52)], mother’, s educational status of secondary level or higher [AOR= 1. 71, 95%CI (1. 03, 2. 84)], antenatal care visits of four and more [AOR=1. 58, 95%CI (1. 09, 2. 31)], and postnatal follow-up [AOR=2. 13, 95%CI (1. 39, 3. 27)]. Furthermore, delivery at health institutions [AOR=3. 11, 95%CI (1. 10, 8. 76)], access to TV [AOR=1. 58, 95%CI (1. 05, 2. 37)], and Internet use [AOR=2. 39, 95%CI (1. 52, 3. 77)] were also significantly associated with good knowledge. Conclusion: The proportion of mothers with good knowledge of neonatal danger signs was found to be low. Therefore, it is recommended to enhance counseling services during antenatal care and strengthen community-based health information dissemination efforts related to neonatal danger signs.

Objective: To study the association between social, demographic, cultural and maternal care practice variables and obstetric fistula status in Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: The most recent Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2005 is used to study the association between social, demographic, cultural and maternal care practice and obstetric fistula. We use both univariate and bivariate analyses to describe the association between the selected variables on obstetric fistula status. Results: A number of social, demographic and maternal care practice variables are found to be significantly (p<0.05) associated with obstetric fistula status. These include level of education, age at first birth, place of residence, antenatal services and place of delivery. Conclusion: The study results emphasize the significance of both treatment and prevention activities in eradicating this highly preventable health condition of women in Ethiopia.

Research results and facts of indigenous sheep production were reviewed with the aim of delivering rele-vant information for the beneficiaries. The common production system used in Ethiopia was the extensive type, which was characterized by small flock sizes and the flock being periodically devastated by diseases. Some indigenous sheep groups of the country were characterized and their names were designated from their commonest niche areas. There are large variations in phenotypic characteristics of indigenous sheep in the country. Social cultures and beliefs of most of the community have been highly attached and attracted by these morphological variations of indigenous sheep in Ethiopia. Consequently, those sheep endowed with attractive coat-colors have always exceeded market values of their counterparts. There is also a genetic variation between and within sheep populations of the country. Moreover, there is also a generation response for selection. Although indigenous sheep producers have many opportunities, they have also many constraints that affect productivity. It can be concluded that breeding and improved production programs for the local sheep should incorporate the production objectives and trait preferences of the society. Presence of diversified phenotypic appearances of local sheep shows the genetic potential for improvement. Hence, this huge gene pool should be used for improvement through good management and traditional se-lection together with genomic technology.

Although Ethiopia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, access to sustainable energy and cutting-edge clean energy technology remains a major concern. The government is making significant efforts to generate renewable energy and provide more access to its citizens. Despite this, traditional fuels (charcoal, fuel wood, dung cakes, and agricultural waste) account for around 87 percent of Ethiopia's energy use, and they pose a range of health and environmental risks. Solar, hydro, wind, and geothermal resources abound in the nation, but only 5% of the country's total hydroelectric capacity is being used; while, the rest is either underutilized or underdeveloped. An in-depth look at Ethiopia's renewable energy potential, as well as the opportunities and problems it faces, is presented in this review. With a combined installed capacity of over 7000 MW, hydropower and wind power are the most promising renewable energy sources in Ethiopia as of yet. It is hoped that this assessment will shed light on how Ethiopia can harness and maximize the use of its abundant renewable energy sources.