Background: Neck masses especially lymph node enlargement, comprise a high percent of complaints in ENT departments. Objective: To review the data files of neck masses especially lymph nodes and to find etiology of them. Methods: Through a descriptive study, files and pathology reports of 213 patients who were admitted for biopsy in an ENT department for chief complaints of neck mass were reviewed. Findings: It was revealed that thyrid gland, salivary gland, lymph nodes and congenital masses were the four common causes of neck mass, in descending sequence. Lymph nodes comprised 24% of the total in which enlargement of 50% of cases was due to primary or metastatic malignancies which were more frequent in individuals under 20 years of age and in males. The most common cause of cervical adenopathy was metastasis that was frequently seen in SCC of nasopharyngeal or oral cavity region, in the 6th decade of life. In children and young adults reactive lymph nodes and lymphoma were more common. Tuberculosis as the second cause of cervical adenopathy is still frequent. Conclusion: A clear picture of the etiology of neck masses was revealed in this study.  

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the etiology and frequency of neonatal seizure in hospitalized neonates.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1295 neonates with seizures admitted to neonatal and NICU wards in our center. Data was collected on age, sex, birth weight, serum levels of calcium, glucose, and sodium, CT scan findings, history of maternal opium abuse, blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture, and analyzed using SPSS 13.Results: Of a total of 1295patients, 34 (2.62%) had seizure. Mean age was 14.03±10.05 days (range, 1 to 29 days); twenty-five (73.5%) neonates were boys and 9 (26.5%) were girls. Of 34 neonates with neonatal seizures, 12 (35.3%), 11 (32.4%), 9 (26.5%), 7 (20.6%), and 3 (8.8%) had hypocalcemia, asphyxia, hypoglycemia, intracranial hemorrhage, and hypernatremia, respectively. Maternal addiction, meningitis, and sepsis were found in 3 (8.8%)/ 1 (2.9%) and 1 (2.9%) of neonates, respectively.Conclusion: The incidence rate of neonatal seizure in the neonates in our NICU and neonatal ward was 2.62%. Common causes of seizure in this study included hypocalcemia, asphyxia, hypoglycemia, intracranial hemorrhage, and hypernatremia. Maternal addiction, meningitis and sepsis had the lowest prevalence.

Background: Hydronephrosis as a major health issue, has a significant contribution to the loss of kidney function and dialysis. Based on this the aim of this was to evaluate the probably etiology of hydronephrosis in neonates. Methods: We have evaluated 314 neonates with fetal hydronephrosis (by ultrasonography) as a study group. Cases were followed by voiding cystourethrogram 3 weeks after the start time. In addition, we took a Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid scan at the end of 1st month of childbirth. At the end, we evaluated data based on the statistical analysis. Based on these examinations, etiology of hydronephrosis were examined and recorded. Results: In total 314 infants with hydronephrosis (55. 7% male and 44. 3% female) were included. Idiopathic cause (42%) as the most common etiology and vesicoureteric reflux as 2nd most common etiology of hydronephrosis have been evaluated (37. 4%). Conclusions: Based on this finding, different causes can induce hydronephrosis as a different etiology; therefore, we can control and reduce hydronephrosis by checking vesicoureteric reflux as the most common possible etiology.

Purpose: To determine the etiology of oculomotor nerve paralysis over a one year period at a university-based hospital.Methods: This observational case series was conducted on consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of isolated oculomotor nerve paresis who were referred to the neuroophthalmology clinic at Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2001-2002. All patients were evaluated for hypertension and diabetes. In patients with confirmed diabetes mellitus or hypertension, oculomotor nerve palsy was diagnosed as ischemic. However if no recovery was observed up to four months, the patient underwent MRI and MRA. The etiology of oculomotor nerve palsy was classified into six categories including ischemia, trauma, aneurysm, neoplasm, miscellaneous and idiopathic.Results: During the period of the study, 28 eyes of 28 patients (17 male and 11 female subjects) with mean age of 50.5 years were enrolled. Blepharoptosis was observed in 89.3%. Pupil reaction was normal in 50%, sluggish in 14.3% and absent in 35.7%. Pupil size was normal in 57.1% and mydriatic in 42.9%. The paralysis was ischemic in 42.8%, traumatic in 14.3%, aneurysmal in 7.1%, neoplastic in 7.1%, miscellaneous in 10.7% and idiopathic in 17.8% of the cases.Conclusion: In the present series, ischemia was the most common cause of oculomotor nerve palsy in which the most prevalent underlying disorder was diabetes mellitus.

Background: Wilson’s disease is a chronic, gradually developed disease. Its concern is as an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder. The deposition of copper in many organs, such as the liver, eyes, kidneys, and basal ganglia in the brain is the main cause of this disease. Case Presentation: A 13-year-old male patient was admitted to the Children’s Department in Al-Kadhimae Hospital, Iraq with chief complaints of vomiting, abdominal pain, pallor, icterus, fever, and chest complaints. The laboratory data showed elevated levels of total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase and reduced levels of globulin (α2 and β), ceruloplasmin, and serum copper. Additionally, high urine copper was reported. After that the patient was diagnosed with Wilson disease and treated with D-penicillamine drug (copper chelation) and zinc acetate tablet. Conclusion: Wilson’s disease is a metabolic error of copper, if undetected and untreated immediately, it causes declining in the function of many organs, such as the liver and brain.