From the 1980s onwards, theoretical debates about time in archeology were formed, which finally led to discussions on"perspectivalism of time". In addition, the issues of epistemology and human perceptive abilities and social memory in the 1990s and 2000s caused the concept of time and how it was perceived by human groups in the past to be the focus of archaeologists, therefor various factors such as social memory and remembering the past and their role in strengthening the individual and collective identity of human groups were investigated. In the last three decades, various aspects of time, such as biography, memory and social memory, long-term history, narrative, non-linear systems, landscape, and archaeological records, have been studied, all of which express different perceptions and understandings of time. The main question of this research is how the people of the past understood, remembered, marked, and measured time. To answer this inquiry, the authors used archeological and anthropological data and investigated the "time-consciousness" of human groups in terms of marking time, learning, anticipation and foresightedness, remembering the past, and death awareness and time allocation in daily activities, which are discussed below. In the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages, we are more concerned with marking time than measuring it. From an anthropological perspective, a hunter/gatherer's life was initially prioritized according to opportunistic and appropriate needs, and these people marked the seasons and time by the growth of plants, rainfall, and other natural phenomena (Clark 1992: 39-59). In general, most archaeological sites have some evidence of time marking among the members of the society that inhabited that site. The life cycle (growth, birth, migration, etc. ) of plant or animal species depends on certain seasons of the year, so plant and animal data provide us with information about the time dimension of activities. Among the archeological pieces of evidence which have been referred to in the discussion of human "time-awareness" in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras are bone objects and stone plaques with a series of consecutive signs carved in the Neo-Paleolithic Era of Europe (Marshack 1972, d'Errico 1998) and stone monuments of the Neolithic age of Europe such as Stonehenge (Ruggles 1988).