Background: Since cannabis has been legally allowed for medicinal purposes in many countries, it has become the most interesting issue, particularly in neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the mechanisms for the treatment of AD. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish a method for the preparation of cannabinoid-rich extracts and determine their AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: The cannabinoid-rich extracts were prepared through a green extraction process using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by hydrophobic column separation. The contents of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro AChE inhibitory activity was determined via the photometric method using AChE from Electrophorus electricus. Results: Three cannabinoids-rich FRACTIONS were obtained with different concentrations of CBD and THC, namely FRACTIONS I (CBD of 8.1% w/w; THC of 52.2% w/w), II (CBD of 9.2% w/w; THC of 8.0% w/w), and III (CBD 1.3% w/w, THC 33.5% w/w). These cannabinoid-rich extracts exhibited AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 52.3, 59.8, and 71.2 µg/mL, respectively.  Conclusion: This finding suggests that CBD, but not THC, might be an active compound contributing to AChE inhibitory effect.

Isolation of components responsible for antidiabetic activity of extract of Morus nigra leaves was carried out using the activity-directed isolation method. Leaves were collected, dried, and powdered. The dry powder was extracted with methanol and phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. The blood glucose lowering activity of different extracts were tested in groups of 6 or 7 diabetic male mice at 0,1,2,4,6 and 8 hours after i p. Injection of the extracts, decoction extract, flavonoid fraction before and after extraction with ethylacetate, and n-butanolic extract of ethylacetate extracted flavonoid fraction showed 19,31,26 and 17 percent decrease in glucose blood levels in aloxane-induced diabetic mice, respectively. While n-butanolic extract showed maximum activity after 4h of injection, maximum blood glucose lowering activity of other extracts was observed after 8h injection. Due to higher activity of n-butanolic extract, it was subjected to further purification using column choromatography on silica gel with acetic acid: n-butanol: water (1:5:4) as eluting solvent followed by preparative TLC. Six flavonoids were detected on TLC plates from which two were scraped off and extracted with methanol. With respect to ultra-violet spectra of these two compounds in methanol containing different shift reagents and mass spectra structures Band D were suggested for these two flavonoids. Due to unavailability of sufficient amounts of purified flavonoids, their blood glucose lowering activity was not studied.      

Background: Mesobothus eupeus is the most common type of mesobo thas Belongs to the buthidae family. It is reported all over Iran and is a common cause of biting. Identifying its FRACTIONS could be helpful to draw better therapeutic approach, thus the present study was Conductedin Kashan to determine different FRACTIONS of mesobuthe eupeus.Materials and methods: It was a descriptive study. Having prepared Tricine SDS - PAGE and heated The toyin with a boffer containing mercaptoethanol, 25microgram, of toxin protein was injected to each plate adjusting the electrophonesis on 80Y. Following the electrophoresis, 15hours later, the produced gel was washed and fixed by nethanol. Sigma ultra low MW was used to compare molecular weight of toxin protein Results: Mesobuthus eupeus' toxin contains 6 protein bands. The highest one had the molecular weight of 26.96 KD whereas the lowest band had the molecular weight of IKD. It has Further proteins with lower molecular weight as compared to Sigma ultra low MW.Conclusion: Since Mesobu thus eupeus Could be found all over Iran, further Studies are Stronaly recommended to determine Better antivenoum.

Background: Since cannabis has been legally allowed for medicinal purposes in many countries, it has become the most interesting issue, particularly in neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the mechanisms for the treatment of AD. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish a method for the preparation of cannabinoid-rich extracts and determine their AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: The cannabinoid-rich extracts were prepared through a green extraction process using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by hydrophobic column separation. The contents of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro AChE inhibitory activity was determined via the photometric method using AChE from Electrophorus electricus. Results: Three cannabinoids-rich FRACTIONS were obtained with different concentrations of CBD and THC, namely FRACTIONS I (CBD of 8.1% w/w; THC of 52.2% w/w), II (CBD of 9.2% w/w; THC of 8.0% w/w), and III (CBD 1.3% w/w, THC 33.5% w/w). These cannabinoid-rich extracts exhibited AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 52.3, 59.8, and 71.2 µg/mL, respectively.  Conclusion: This finding suggests that CBD, but not THC, might be an active compound contributing to AChE inhibitory effect.

Introduction: Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils with low organic matter content is one of the best ways of nutrients addition to these soils. Different organic fertilizers have different effects on nutrient availability in soil. Moreover study of the distribution of nutrients in the soil allows investigating their mobility and bioavailability. The nutrients availability and kinetics of nutrients desorption into the soil solution is often closely related to the distribution of nutrients to different FRACTIONS in the soil. It has been assumed that the factors influencing metal fractionation and availability in soil include rate of amendment application, amount of nutrients in amendment, root-induced pH changes, metal binding by root exudates, root-induced changes of microbial activities, and metal depletion because of plant uptake.Materials and Methods: In this study, availability and fractionation of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) were compared in one calcareous soil amended with 0, 0.5, and 1% (w/w) of cow manure and vermicompost in a completely randomized design. Also, wheat was planted in treated and untreated soils in greenhouse condition. Available Zn and Cu were determined using different methods (DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, and Mehlich 3). For Zn and Cu fractionation, the soil samples were sequentially extracted using an operationally defined sequential fractionation procedure, based on that employed by Tessier et al. (1979) in which increasingly strong extractants were used to release Zn and Cu associated with different soil FRACTIONS.

Biomass-based polyol obtained by chemical liquefaction technology is a potential substitute for polyether or polyester polyol in preparation of degradable polymers. To obtain the favorable biomass-based polyol products, one important emphasis is to reveal the liquefaction kinetics. The liquefaction kinetics of different corn stalk (CS) FRACTIONS, i.e. whole CS, ear husk and leaf blade, were investigated in this work. The liquefactions were catalyzed with sulfuric acid at 120-180oC for 15-90 min. The results indicated that the apparent reaction rate constant (k), apparent activation energy (E), ΔG′, and ΔH′ of liquefaction reactions differed remarkably with different CS FRACTIONS. The highest k of 1.8×10-4 s-1 was obtained from ear husk liquefaction at 120oC, which was twofold and 2.7-fold higher than those of whole CS and leaf blade, respectively. However, k is not correlated with the stalk heterogeneity at temperature over 120oC. The calculated E ear husk, E whole CS and E leaf blade were 65.88, 81.64 and 85.23 kJ mol-1, respectively. ΔG′ and ΔH′ values of ear husk liquefaction reactions were lower than those of the other two FRACTIONS. This work was the first comparison of kinetics with different biomass FRACTIONS, casting light on the effect of heterogeneity on liquefaction, and suggesting that CS FRACTIONS should be given themselves optimum applications in future.