Background and Aim: The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the use of electromyography (EMG) in dentistry over the past several years, as well as related research. EMG is a sophisticated technique used to detect and analyze muscle activity. EMG was primarily utilized in medical sciences in the past, but it is now widely utilized in both the medical and dental fields. Materials and Methods: Electronic search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to find all clinical studies regarding applications of EMG in dentistry. Results: This review included 31 papers in all. According to the results, neuromuscular activity may be recorded using EMG for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It could be used in dentistry to evaluate parafunctional habits such as clenching and bruxism as well as muscle activation during actions like chewing and biting. In recent years, the use of EMG in treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and myofascial pain disorders has significantly increased. Conclusion: EMG has a variety of applications in dentistry for monitoring, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess various smile line problems and treatments and to assess the patients’,satisfaction after treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed patients who had smile line problems. Various smile line problems included vertical maxillary excess (VME), muscle hyperactivity, gingival hyperplasia, short lip, bimaxillary protrusion, asymmetric muscle hyperactivity, maxillary canting, and tooth deformity. All patients filled out a questionnaire one year after the procedures for 23 assessments of satisfaction. The level of satisfaction was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS): 0-3 dissatisfaction, 4-7 acceptable, and 7-10 desirable. Results: One-hundred thirty-seven patients were included in this study. The highest level of satisfaction was noted in patients who had tooth deformity, VME with passive eruption, and gingival hyperplasia or passive supra-eruption (7. 75±, 0. 46, 7. 66±, 0. 72, and 7. 50±, 0. 55, respectively). The lowest level of satisfaction was noted in patients who had asymmetric muscle activity, muscle hyperactivity, and VME+ muscle hyperactivity (4. 25±, 0. 96, 4. 33±, 0. 78 and5. 00±, 1. 09, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with soft tissue problems of the smile line may have low 41satisfaction especially when temporary treatments such as botulinum toxin are used for treatment. Surgery of the hard tissues may result in moderate to high satisfaction in patients with smile line problems.

Introduction: Aesthetic applications of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) may lead to some complications, including unwanted muscle paralysis. Moreover, BoNT-A effects may last several months, and there is no medical intervention so far to accelerate muscle function recovery. Case Report: A female patient with a movement disorder of the mimic Muscles resulting from BoNT-A injections received daily sessions of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). A fast improvement in both Facial asymmetry and muscle function was noted within a few weeks. After nine weeks, almost complete recovery was achieved. Conclusion: According to the current case, PMBT seems to be an effective intervention to accelerate muscle function recovery following BoNT-A use.

Background: Since the function of Muscles, and subsequently the mandibular joint, is affected in patients with Bell's palsy, therefore, the evaluation of Facial Muscles and mandibular function in these patients can be effective in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment planning. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of displacement and range of motion (ROM) of the mandible and the ability of the Facial symmetrical Muscles of patients with Bell's palsy.    Methods: This was a quasi-experimental comparative study. The variables evaluated were mandibular movement in a vertical direction and side-to-side displacement. Ten patients with Bell's palsy and 10 healthy eligible volunteers participated in the present study. Three mobile video cameras (to record jaw movements), 9 color markers, Kinovea software, House-Brackmann index, Toledo protocol, and a specialized patient questionnaire were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the normality of data distribution, and independent samples the t test and paired samples t test were used to compare means.    Results: The maximum lateral on the sound side was 12.40 and 4.49 mm during lateral movements of the patients' mandible, while this value was between 12.30 and 3 mm on the involved side. There is a difference between the affected side and the nonaffected side in terms of the mean lateral movements of the patients' mandible. However, this difference in the mean ROM on both sides is not statistically significant. The maximum mouth opening in healthy individuals during mandibular movements was between 40 and 60 mm, while this value was between 25 and 50 mm in the patients with Bell’s palsy. This study shows a significant difference (P = 0.007) between patients and healthy individuals in terms of the mean of maximum mouth opening (P < 0.05).    Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the ROM of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the patient is the same as that of normal subjects, but the side-to-side motion is more than normal which should be considered in rehabilitation treatments. The present study emphasizes the need to implement a mandibular kinematic evaluation protocol in patients with bell's palsy to prevent damage to the TMJ in the long term.

Facial nerve palsy (FNP) changes Facial expression and leads to functional problems in Facial movement and negative psychological effect on patients. Fortunately, some of FNP problems recover completely, but some others remain with some sequelae like asymmetry, muscle contracture, synkinesis, and hyperkinesias that need rehabilitation. This article aimed to investigate physiotherapy modalities on these sequelae. Generally, exercise therapy in the form of neuromuscular reeducation was effective when the sequelae of FNP are analyzed. Then, we could select the type of exercise therapy according to that signs and sequelae (symptom). No acceptable researches about physiotherapy modalities like electrical nerve stimulation have been reported. Therefore, using electrical stimulation is not advised. Biofeedback therapy has been approved to be suitable.

Background: Facial schwannoma is a rare tumor arising from any part of the nerve. Probable symptoms are partial or Facial weakness, hearing loss, visible mass in the ear, otorrhea, loss of taste, rarely pain, and sometimes without any symptoms. Patients should undergo a complete neurotologic history, examination with documentation of Facial and auditory function, specially C.T. scan or M.R.I. Surgery is the only treatment option although the decision of when to remove Facial schwannoma in the presence of normal Facial function is difficult. Case: A 19-year-old girl with all above symptoms in the right side except loss of taste is diagnosed having Facial schwannoma with full examination, audiometric, and radiological tests. She underwent surgery. In follow-up Facial function were mostly restored. Conclusion: The need for careful assessment of patients with Bell's palsy cannot be veremphasized. In spite of the negative results if still there is any suspicion, total Facial nerve exploration is necessary.

Background: Peripheral nerve injures are common in clinical practice that includes from compression injury to complete disruption of nerve trunk. After injury nerves can grow and repair spontaneously, early end to end anastomosis is first choice for repair but only 50% of nerve fiber would be physiologically accurate and effective, thus several techniques for repair of nerve injury are introduced including combination of nerve transplant with silicon tubes, use of biologic and synthetic tubes for nerve conduit.Materials and Methods: In this Exprimental study, 20 rats with the same weight were selected and kept in the same condition. The left sciatic nerve of them was cut and were divided in two groups. In the first group the Facial flap method for repair of nerve injury was used. In the second group vein conduit method was used as standard method. Histological nerve repair was assessed after 45 days and the intact right sciatic nerve was used as control.Results: Repair of nerve injury in proximal, mid and distal portion of nerve in Facial flap method was more effective than vein conduit (P<0.05). Repair of nerve injury in proximal, mid and distal portion had no difference compared with control group (p>0.05) Conclusion: Repair of nerve injury with Facial flap method is more effective than standard method and can be used as a new method for nerve repair.