AbstractThis article tries to describe and analyse subaltern women’s perceptions of femininity and the factors that influence these perceptions. In fact, this research concentrates on the intersection of class and gender. In this study, “subaltern women” were determined based on Pierre Bourdieu’s class analysis and four types of capital according to him: economic, cultural, social and symbolic. This research has been conducted using phenomenological method and the data gathering tools were in-depth and semi-structured interviews and 10 working-class women were interviewed. The reason for choosing phenomenology is that it allows the researchers to see and describe the phenomenon from the respondent’s perspective. The results challenge the current feminist analysis of women’s experiences as universal and show how women’s experiences and perceptions should be understood at the intersection of class, gender and power relations. The findings have been explained in the following themes: femininity as an intrinsic concept, the stigma of unattractiveness, grinning and bearing as a strategy, tendency to traditional feminine roles, the desire of being a male, sexuality, experience of violence, fatalism, intra-class safety, poverty.

The construct of erotic woman in the history of Iran is a focal point in the history of sexuality. This study is designed to investigate when the woman become erotic using the genealogy. This article used two groups of historical documents: erotic pictures of the Safavid era, and written documents from this period. During the reign of King Abbas, the Great, a transition occurred from literary nudes to erotic nude in paintings. And since then, the images of women were presented with greater individuality in the organs. Towards the Late Safavid, nude images of women are continually symbolized the West. However, the question is not about the dualities of Western women and Persian women, but it is about the controversy between Christianity, Sufism, and Islam. Also numerous dissertations were written about this controversy. Therefore, nudity was attributed to the Western Christian woman. Through depicting female figures in solo paintings and murals, a new definition of femininity gradually began to emerge in the Persian man's imagination, and a kind of geographical shift in the Persian male desire was formed. The Christian woman become the object of Persian man 's longing, whose aftershocks were seen in the Qajar era more severely.

Many scholars and researchers have studied about the importance and status of woman in the mystical system of Ibn Arabi so far. Many of them claim that ibn Arabi considers the femininity as the fixed and permanent determination of gender. But studying Ibn Arabi's works, notably al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya and Fusus al-hikam, shows that Ibn Arabi doesn’t look at femininity only as a form and determination of femininity in contrast to masculinity, but employs it widely to explain his mystical understanding of God, universe, and human to the extent that he considers the Divine essence and some of His attributes, like power and will, to be feminine, and sometimes give it superior position in comparison to masculinity. This study shows that femininity is used in Ibn Arabi's mystical ontology in the meanings of passivity, receptivity, and motherhood. Each usage manifests an aspect of various aspects of the being. Femininity is so woven in the warp and woof of the mystical ontology of Ibn Arabi that without it, his system of thought seems to lack the necessary coherence. This understanding is also possible that Ibn Arabi deems the gender to be a relative affair and maintains that the beings have both aspects of femininity and masculinity which in different situations they display one of these aspects of gernder.

Objective (s): Endometriosis is a chronic and debilitating disease, which affects all aspects of the women’s life. The purpose of the present study was to explore the perception and experiences of endometriosis patients about femininity.Methods: A qualitative research was conducted to obtain data from 18 purposely selected endometriosis patients referring to a teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected by in-depth interviews and were analyzed using a conventional content analysis.Results: Seven categories and three main themes emerged from the participants' experiences. The themes were: 1) Feeling gynecologic disorders included three categories: menstrual disturbances, complaint of irritating cyst and pelvic infection problems, 2) Disruption in marital life included two categories: dyspareunia and infertility, 3) Disrupted social life included two categories: emotional and communicational disturbances and impairment in daily activities.Conclusion: The findings of present study showed that endometriosis affects femininity, which may have devastating consequences on individual, family and social life of affected person.

Women's position and their role in the society has been influenced by various factors such as culture and religion. This research tries to study the role of women in the point of views of religions especially Christianity and church fathers and also analyze the view of the Gospel of Thomas on this matter. The Gospel of Thomas is a noncanonical text that were discovered seventy years ago in the Naj Hammadi, in Upper Egypt. In spite of its small volume, The Gospel of Thomas has always been the focus of scholar in the field of early Christianity. In this research, we have aimed to study the position of woman and femininity in the Gospel of Thomas. The result shows that Jesus in the form of sayings, proverbs and phrases of the Gospel of Thomas, unlike the other canonical texts of Christianity, considers a more important position for women and assigns a more valuable role to them. Because of its theological and mysticism perspective, the Gospel of Thomas focuses on the spirituality of person and not his or her gender. for this reason, attaining the kingdom, enlightenment and salvation requires passing away from masculinity and femininity and then trying to achieve celibacy and unity.

Aims: People’s understanding of their social world has a significant impact on their behavior. Their perception of their role in society and social expectations of them are important parts of this understanding. This study investigated young -18 to 25 year old- women’s perception of femininity and the social expectations related to it.Method: The study used descriptive design and availability sampling. Forty-five female students from Fars, Turk, and Kurd ethnicities participated voluntarily in this explorative study. Seven focus groups, each consisting of 6-8 participants discussed femininity, social expectations from women, and their experiences in this regard.Results: Content analysis of focus groups discussions revealed 8 themes in young women’s perception of feminine norms.The most important of these themes were successdirectedness especially in education on one hand and chastity on the other hand.Conclusion: The findings revealed that there are notable similarities between young Iranian women’s perception of feminine norms with those of young women from other cultures. On the other hand, norms such as chastity, religiousness, and respect for elders are among themes that distinguish our findings from western studies’ results.

This research was conducted with the purpose of examining the phenomenology of femininity implications and the understanding and interpretation of femininity by female-headed households using Max van Manen's phenomenology method. In the theoretical approach of the research, femininity is equivalent to the embodied performance of roles, behaviors, and characteristics that are produced and gradually mastered in the discursive way in the conditions of gender inequality. In the present research, the representations of the female-headed households' perception of this dominant femininity were reviewed in four areas of social relations, action space, lived time, and lived body. The population included all female-headed families of the city of Bahar, and 23 of them were selected by the judgmental sampling using a criterion with maximum distribution. The data were collected by in-depth individual interviews and thematic interpretation-analysis method until theoretical saturation was reached in the interviews and were analyzed using a qualitative method of thematic analysis. The research results showed that female-headed households experience the realities in the field of social relations such as playing conflicting roles, gradual isolation, alienation, multifacetedness, and communication contradiction. Moreover, the most important components of the action space in which they live are as follows: feeling of insecurity, boredom with the environment, mistrust of others, dominance of gender stereotypes, and conflict between private and public life. Therefore, these women's lived experience of time includes elements such as boredom, loss of time, rupture of time, and slow passage of time. In such a situation, they understand and interpret their body in the framework of categories such as the body as a work tool, the body as a sexual prey, body shame, inverted body consciousness, and the body as capital. Therefore, it can be said that the components of these four areas in the daily life of female-headed households have a mutual link, which leads them to accept dominant femininity. The conflicting life and contradictory identity of these women in the patriarchal society, rather than causing the formation of autonomy and a strong feminine self-concept in them, cause them to return to the internalization of traits and behaviors that are traditionally labeled as feminine.

The presence of women from the past has brought innovation in the arts and art of the East and West Because thay have consistently supported the literature and its transformation among nations over the course of various periods. The type of activity of women in variety of artistic and literary arts has been diversified in accordance with the arts Which itself is the subject of discussion to answer questions related to this field. Today, women's literature has attracted many writers and thinkers And the trend of literary and scientific production is remarkable in this regard, Most writings are synchronized with the flow of realism and experience some kind of influence. In the field of fiction and novel writing, women have embraced the dual experience of writing or reigning the novel and thay Talk about themselves and their problems and their issues in each situation. This article describes the analysis of the novels of Alia Ansari, a committed Iraqi author in the framework of Islamic critique and women's critique To study the link between literature and ideology on the one hand, and the link with homeland and gender on the other. By examining the novels of the Tranimah al-Hawb, aina om mosa, Al-Wasam, and he cames late, all of which emphasize the emotional conflict between men and women. Ansari with the saga takes women to escape from domination, To rid them of the fear that prevailed over them before, To be self-confident as a Muslim woman, to play a positive role in the construction of the homeland.