Klinefelter syndrome is characterised by advancing testicular function deterioration causing aspermatogenesis and androgen deficiency. Klinefelter patients characteristically have complete male sex differentiation, and genital anomalies are infrequently associated. Penoscrotal malformations at birth are very rare in this syndrome. Nonetheless, it is important to know the association, as one of the causes of abnormal genitalia at birth. Understanding of the indications of karyotyping can help early detection of these cases. We report a boy who had Klinefelter syndrome with penoscrotal transposition (PST), hypospadias and inguinal hernia.

Background: Dermatophyte is a group of keratinophilic fungi that cause various skin lesions depending on the affected area. Dermatophytosis is usually diagnosed by clinical manifestation and confirmed by direct microscopy or fungal culture. There might be diagnostic difficulty with the presence of atypical dermatophytosis. Atypical dermatophytosis presents with clinical appearances ranging from eczematous, psoriasiform, pustular lesions, and others, that interferes with early diagnosis and disturbs patient’ s life quality. Genital dermatophytosis is an uncommon presentation of cutaneous fungal infection; moreover, its manifestation without the involvement of the inguinal area, and simulating wart is a rare sign. In this study, we introduce a rare case of dermatophytosis with a wart-like appearance that was restricted to the skin of the genitalia. Case Presentation: A 24-years-old woman was referred to the academic dermatology clinic of Boo-Ali SINA Hospital in Sari, Iran, in November 2019 with a 9-month complaint of verrucous and pruritic plaque in the genital area that previously misdiagnosed as wart with no response to treatment. The dermatologist requested a review of the previous pathology documents for diagnosing dermatophytosis. The pathologists reexamined the relevant paraffin-embedded skin tissue block of the patient. By Periodic acid-Schiff staining, some fungal elements had been found in the horny layers of the epidermis, so dermatophytosis was confirmed. Based on this diagnosis, terbinafine was prescribed and the patient responded well to this treatment after four weeks. Conclusion: Although the occurrence of genital dermatophytosis with the verrucous appearance and without involvement of groin is a rare finding, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In each case suspected of genital dermatophytosis, direct examination or fungal culture for definite diagnosis and prevention of delay in the appropriate treatment is required.

Women’s being obliged to cover their bodies results from an overall enquiry into jurisprudential sources. However, a deep thinking over the testimonies for hijab shows there are controversies about the limits and manners of hijab. The two extremes of these controversies are too far away from each other to be considered in a single perspective. On the one hand, some believe all parts of a woman’s body, including hands, face, and even her voice, should be covered; on the other hand, others believe a sincere look at a woman’s face and her saying prayer without a head cover are allowed. The former belief may result in social problems for women and Islamic societies whereas it is necessary for the Muslim women to have an active participation in the social life. Now the question is whether reviewing jurisprudential texts and approaching the issue from inside the religion can solve some of the problems Muslim women are facing or not. The paper tries to answer some of these questions, referring to Quranic verses, traditions, and words from jurisprudents.

A stable Islamic dogma on which all Islamic schools agree is the order to women to observe hijab. Since the Sunnites form the majority of Muslims, the issue is propounded all over the Islamic world. The paper studies the positions of Sunnite exegetes and jurisprudents towards the necessity of hijab and its limits on the basis of Quranic verses, traditions, and their own inferences. Afterwards, the paper tries to answer the question whether an Islamic government or a legitimate religious government has any responsibility to enforce hijab and ban hijablessness in the view of Sunnite jurisprudents. Arguments and strategies which can be postulated on the basis of Sunnite jurisprudence are also considered in the paper. Among the most important arguments are “punishment of the guilty”, “enforcement of the good and prohibition of the evil”, and “preservation of Islamic rituals.”

Herpes simplex virus infection is almost universal This- virus has two types: HSV1 and HSV2 infect about 500/000 persons annually in the United States, and its prevalence rate has increased during the past decade. Usually HSV1 spreads through kissing or casual contact and HSV2 through sexual intercourses. HSV1 is more frequently associated with oral infection and HSV2 can cause recurrent genital ulcers. No data is available about HSV2 prevalence in Iran. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HSV2 antibodies in blood of donors in Kerman city during 2002. Data were collected in-a cross-sectional study in 966 serum samples. In this study the population was examined for oro-facial and genital herpes. In this survey age, sex, job, education, marital status, family history of oro-facial and genital herpes of the population were considered. Antibody (IgG) of HSV2 was assessed by using ELISA in this study. About 2.7% of the population were seropositive for HSV2 (2.8% were male and 2.6% were female). None of hem have had clinical genital herpes during examination but about 1.1% (11 of 966) of them have had previous history of clinical genital herpes. The population has been examined for HIVAb, HBSAb, and HCVAb, and the results were also negative. The prevalence of HSV2 had a significant trend of increasing with increase in age.

Background: This study intends to increase awareness on the clinical and laboratory diagnosis as well as health care of newborns with trichomoniasis from infected mothers, to introduce this organism as a respiratory pathogen with lower prevalence in other areas, and to outline its manifestations and symptoms. Methods: All case report articles in English language regarding the presence of T. vaginalisin unusual areas among infants, which were available in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar, and Web of Science published between 1980 and 2021 were searched and reported by two independent researchers. Titles and abstracts of all articles were reviewed for initial screening. Results: After searching the articles and evaluating their quality, 9 full text articles were selected. All reported cases were from 8 different cities (4 countries) in the world. In most cases, the parasite was in the respiratory tract, but it was also reported in the brain and urogenital tract. The most common clinical symptom was respiratory distress. Conclusion: Although the possibility of trichomoniasis infection in unusual areas such as genitals is low, according to the reports collected from around the world, this parasite can also be present outside the genitals. Perhaps, reviewing trichomoniasis along with other diagnoses in these cases may lead to early diagnosis and treatment of the affected neonates.

Self-mutilations of the external genitals in psychiatric patients is also known as Klingsor syndrome. (1) These patients show a high tendency to repeating self-aggressive actions, especially when their medical therapy is discontinued.(2,3) In 1929, Ehrlich reported the first successful penile reimplantation of an amputated penis.(4) Although reimplantation of the amputated penis has a high success rate, there may be some remaining squeals such as skin necrosis and urethral stricture or fistula.(5) We report a case of a macroscopic reimplantation of an amputated penis…

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite, which can be found in different cells of humans and animals and infect many tissues. The virulence of T. gondii strains is commonly detected, based on the outcomes of infection in mice. The present study was performed to determine the parasite distribution and tissue tropism of tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain in an experimental mouse model of infection, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Methods: In this experiment, male and female BALB/c mice were infected through intraperitoneal injection of 103 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. The assessments were performed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postinoculation (dpi), as well as the time of death; the mice were monitored 3 times a day. After the animals were sacrificed in each group, different tissues were collected from the heart, liver, lung, muscle, kidneys, genitals, spleen, brain, eyes, and blood and maintained at-20° C. Then, DNA samples were extracted using kits, and DNA copy number was measured via qPCR, targeting B1 gene. Results: The parasite was distributed in various tissues on the first day after infection and exhibited the ability to cross the bloodbrain barrier within the brain. Twenty-four hours after tachyzoite inoculation, the highest parasite load was observed in the liver tissues of both groups. Conclusions: Considering the blood flow to all tissues and transmission of parasite to other tissues, the highest parasite count was reported in the present study. These findings are invaluable for assessing the impact of new drugs on these parasites. There is also the possibility of sexual transmission, causing a significant parasite load in the genitals.