Fish genome contains two copies of growth hormone (GH-1 and GH-2) as a result of duplication process during evolution. The aim of this study was to distinguish GH-1 from GH-2 genes in Rutilus kutum (Mahi Sefid) from the Caspian Sea using sequencing techniques and application of specific restriction enzymes for these loci. For this purpose, five fish were randomly selected and samples for DNA extraction were isolated from caudal fin clips. The DNA was extracted by salting-out method. Then, fragments of 333 and 410 bp from exon 4, intron 4 and exon 5 of GH-1 and GH-2 genes were amplified and, following purification, sequenced on the gel. GH-1 sequence of R. kutum was not different from that of common carp on the long allele showing 100% overlap with each other. On the short allele, however, they showed differences in GH-1 sequence of carp at four positions namely 89, 94, 105, and 164 bp with an overlap of 99%. The GH-1 overlapped with GH-2 sequences from both common carp and R. kutum as 99% and 86%, respectively. Comparison of the GH-1 and GH-2 sequences derived from R. kutum showed that they mainly differed in Intron 4. Other differences observed were mutations at one or more nucleotides. Despite the high similarity in the nucleotide sequences, the differences detected are applicable as specific genetic markers for the discrimination between GH-1 and GH-2. By identifying and sequencing GH-1 and GH-2 genes, the sequences obtained can be used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relations, study different allelic forms more precisely, and establish relationships between these loci with important economic traits in R. kutum from the Caspian Sea.

Fuzzy Hermite interpolation of 5th degree generalizes Lagrange interpolation by fitting a polynomial to a functionf that not only interpolates f at each knot but also interpolates two number of consecutive Generalized Hukuhara derivatives off at each knot. The provided solution for the 5th degree fuzzy Hermite interpolation problem in this paper is based on cardinal basis functions linear combination for 5th degree polynomials linear space and same approach develops to introduce 5th degree fuzzy piecewise Hermite interpolation polynomials.At first, construction method along with an example has presented for 5 th degree fuzzy Hermite interpolation. Because of the introduced method applies for interpolation of first order Generalized Hukuhara differentiable functions so during an example cubic fuzzy Hermite interpolation polynomial compares with fuzzy Hermite polynomial and we explain the superiority of the presented piecewise method next in the end we provide 5th degree fuzzy piecewise Hermite interpolation polynomial. Using such interpolant shows that the smoothness condition improves for interpolation polynomial core when successive degree of fuzzy piecewise Hermite interpolation polynomial comes up from three to five.

Utopia is a concept that refers to a world of peace in which the problems of humanity have been solved. All people are longing for this ideal world and many poets have devoted their lyrics to it.The present article tries to examine the poems of Forūgh Farrokhzād (1935-1967), the well-known Iranian contemporary female poet, from this point of view and to show that the more mature the poet gets, the more developed will be her conceptual understanding of Utopia.

Purpose: The use of different models of training, especially combined training exercises are common among the elderly. The effect of combined training exercises on hormones and growth factors levels have been little studied in aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks concurrent training on growth hormone, IGF-1 serum concentration and GH/IGF-1 ratio in elderly women.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with pre test and post test design, twenty-one healthy elderly women (55-70 years) were randomly placed into two groups, concurrent training (n=12) and control (n=9) groups. Training program was done eight weeks, 3 times per week. In order to compare data within and between groups, dependent t-test and independent t-test was used respectively.Results: The data showed GH, IGF-1 and GH/IGF-1 ratio were not significantly changed (P³0.05) following combined training. Also, a significant decrease observed in body mass (P=0.005), BMI (P=0.005) and body fat percentage (P=0.001) following 8 weeks combined training (P£0.05). VO2max increase significantly (P=0.024) Conclusion: In this study, 8 weeks of combined training led to non-significant increase in GH/IGF-1. Maybe, this training in long-term leads to changes in GH and IGF-1. Therefore, Due to improvements in body composition and aerobic power, maybe performing the long-term training program have a beneficial effect on the performance of the cardiovascular system and can be prevented from developing atherosclerosis.

This study was conducted in a private sector buffalo farm in Al-Qurna, located north of Basra Governorate, between December 2023 and November 2024. It covered the summer (July and August 2024), autumn (October and November 2024), and winter (December 2023, January and February 2024) seasons. The purpose of the experiment was to examine the impact of the mid-lactation stage on genetic polymorphism in the growth hormone (GH) gene members (E4, E5, E6, E8) in the blood of buffaloes, and their relationship with serum GH levels during mid-lactation. Thirty blood samples were collected from the same buffaloes (n=30). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the targeted genes, and nucleotide sequence analysis was performed to detect polymorphisms. The results were compared with GH gene genotypes in the GenBank database. Two genotypes of the GH gene were identified in the mid-lactation buffaloes. DNA sequencing of the GH genes (E4, E5, E6, E8) was carried out, and the sequence data were compared with two references from the NCBI database. The E4 gene showed no differences when compared with Acc. NC_059175, but several mutations were observed compared with Acc. HG738860. The E5 gene sequence revealed polymorphisms when compared with both Acc. KC107765 and Acc. NC_059175 references. Although the E6 gene sequence showed no polymorphisms, the E8 gene sequence displayed a single-point mutation. Additionally, the results indicated significantly higher (P≤0.05) serum growth hormone levels in genotype A compared to genotype B.

Zebra fish is an important species in genetics and considering the proximity of its genome to the human genome, investigating the expression of some of the growth and appetite genes during its larvae development is essential. Genes coding growth and appetite (GH and ghrelin) hormones are involved in the synthesis and release of growth hormone, which can be considered to be economic genes in pisciculture. Given the importance of these genes during the early larvae development stages, this study was performed to assess their activity. Samples were collected at 4, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 post-hatching days. Samples were immediately placed in liquid nitrogen (-196 degree centigrade) and then stored in a freezer at-80 degree centigrade until RNA extraction (using RNX-Plus kit). To analyze normal expression of target genes, reference gene β-actin was used by 2-Δ Δ Ct method. The expression of genes associated with the growth and appetite was significantly different at various stages of the development of zebra fish, as the gene expression of GH on day 4 and ghrelin gene on day 10 after hatching were significantly higher compared with other samples (P<0. 05). Overall, the expression of GH and ghrelin genes at the early stages of growth is higher than other fish developmental stages due to their great importance in the survival of larvae at these stages of life.