Lots of investigation has been done in order to increase wheat yield per acre in Iran, but there is not enough study about quality of produced wheat. Bread quality in Iran has been deteriorated in recent years, mostly due to employing wheat flours of low quality. Thus the present study was conducted to find the chemical and rheological properties of four bread wheat cultivars (Omid, Rosshan, Golestani and "Kal") produced in Sabzavar region. The results indicated that the quantity and quality of "Kal" wheat gluten are more desirable in comparison to the other varieties. The rheological experiment results indicated that the Omid wheat flour is the best regarding the dough resistance coefficient and alfa amylase activity. The alfa amylase activity of all flours was low. Appropriate time for fermentation of bread dough for all flours was 75 to 90 minutes. Mixture of one to ten ratio of Roshan and Omid flour produced bread with better quality. The results also indicated that the rheological properties of "Kal" flour dough such as mixing resistance, breaking point resistance and valorimeter value are acceptable. The bakery properties of "Kal" flour are better than Rosham flour. The "Kal" variety of wheat is the same as Roshan variety and the only difference between them is the region of production and farming conditions. It shows that farming condition is one of the important factors affecting bread wheat quality.

This paper can point to undeniable considerations in criticizing the literary text of Iran by presenting the correct and additional explanation of Derrida's deconstruction and its cognitive requirements, making it faster in the use of new theories and methods of European critique is in Iran. Mojtaba Golestani's book is also criticized for this failure. Thus, the article shows that in understanding, explaining and criticizing the works of contemporary Iranian writers, they should discuss these issues in order to understand the distance between the reader's world and the text for the reader of his own. The writer of the book deliberately as a researcher, like the modern subject, has transformed the texts of Ale Ahmad into the subjects of his research program and has not been able to communicate with the text. In this article, the process of objecting the texts is largely open in a critically acclaimed book. The result of this study is that the critique of the works of such people as Ale Ahmad Shamloo, Shariati, Nima and others is a function of their historical conditions and activities, which should be taken in a concise and balanced way.

In a situation where increasing inactivity in society has become a challenge, planning physical activities in parks can help citizens' sports participation. Considering the importance of the issue, the factors affecting the use of city parks for physical activities by citizens of Golestani were investigated in this research. This research was done with a mixed approach. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part was the experts on the subject of the research, 17 people participated in the interview process. In the quantitative part, 482 people who use city parks in Golestan province responded to the questionnaire. A semi-structured interview and a questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done in the qualitative and quantitative part by the process of coding and structural equation modeling, respectively. In order to be sure about the proper coding of the interviews, reliability between two coders was used and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated at 0.77 in the quantitative part. The findings showed that the factors affecting citizens' use of parks for physical activities in 4 selected codes (infrastructural factors, environmental factors, managerial factors and cultural and social factors), 12 core codes (such as location, safety, access, security, strategic planning, support management and social development) and 76 open codes are placed. In the quantitative part, it was found that the structural model of the research has a good fit. It is suggested to pay attention to the sports needs of citizens and facilitate their presence in parks.

Introduction: Students are one of the key stakeholders in the higher education system, and the low quality of life or their life satisfaction can be a starting point for deviating from the mission, ideals and strategies for the development of higher education and learning. The aim of this study was to investigate the students’ quality of life, subjective well-being and the relationship between them among students of all educational levels of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in the academic year of 2016-2017. Method: In the present correlation study, the statistical population included all undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students in the academic year of 2016-2017. The final sample size was 213 people and the samples were selected by a stratified random sampling method. In order to study the students’ quality of life, the Mehdi’ s University Quality of Life tool was used. Golestani Bakhat questionnaire was used to measure the subjective well-being. Data were analyzed using t-test and structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: generally, 17. 1% of women, 23. 1% of men, 23% of undergraduate students, 15. 9% of graduate students, and 16. 1% of PhD students had a range of satisfaction between high to very high. Also, 19. 4% of women, 19. 2% of men, 20% of undergraduate students, 19. 3% of graduate students, 19. 4% of PhD students and 19. 6% of the total sample had a range of satisfaction between low to very low. The most satisfaction of the students was first with their friends and then satisfaction with university cultural diversity, satisfaction with the university library, satisfaction with the job prospect Also, the least satisfaction was attributed to the satisfaction dimensions of university communication services, sports facilities, welfare and recreational facilities, university transportation facilities and medical services. According to achieved mean score in each dimension and total score, the mental health status of the total sample (M=180. 56), female students (M=180. 14) and male students (M=181. 42) statistically was higher than criteria score (M=156). In the other words, subjective well-being of the studied sample was at a desirable level. Based on the results of fitted regression model (GFI=0. 925, CFI=0. 919, RMSEA= 0. 082), about 15% of the variation in the students’ quality of life was explained by the dimensions of subjective well-being. Discussion: The students’ quality of life is a multidimensional construct and its decreasing or increasing is affected by many factors. It is important that students not only should be provided by educational facilitates but also entertainment, cultural, sport and other related facilities are important so that they can drain the added amount of excess energy of education and study through these facilities. This, in addition to removing excess energy and fatigue of students, on the other hand, will stimulate the study and scientific activity of them.

Introduction: Choosing an efficient and light weight growth media is one of the most important issues in the implementation of interior green walls. In recent years, the use of soilless culture in the world, including Iran, has been developing. In this regard and considering the use of agricultural organic biodegradable waste in culture media can play an important role in achieving a sustainable environment in addition to its economic advantages. Therefore, this study aimed to compare common media with agricultural organic waste (novel/composition) on growth characteristics of Peperomia plant. Material and methods: The effect of five different growing substrates ratios (60: 40 v/v%) were as follows: 1) peat moss + perlite,2) compost composition (rice husk compost + tea waste + leaf soil+ rice hull) + perlite, 3) leaf soil compost + perlite, 4) rice hull compost + perlite, 5) tea waste compost + perlite, was conducted in form of a completely randomized design with t replications for Peperomia. In this study, growth traits such as leaf number, shoot count, shoot and root fresh and dry weights,physical properties of media, such as bulk and particle density, water holding capacity, and chemical indices including organic matter percentage, pH and porosity of the substrate, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, organic carbon percentage and cation exchange capacity and C/N ratio were measured. Results and discussion: The physicochemical analysis of the substrates combined showed that the composition of tea waste and perlite had superiority over the other media in terms of nitrogen content, water holding capacity, organic matter and organic carbon percentage as well as cation exchange capacity (Table 1). In addition, the lower bulk density in waste tea and perlite (0. 15 g/cm-3) compared to the other studied media, can be an ideal indicator for application in the interior green walls (Table 1). Results of analysis of variance showed that different growing substrates have a significant effect (P ≤ 0. 01) on the growth characteristics of Peperomia ornamental plant (Table 2). So that, Peperomia grown on compost composition (rice hull compost+tea residues+leaf compost) showed superiority in all measured traits in comparison with other media (Table 3). One of the important indicators for evaluating the advantage of substrates is the shoots dry weight (Golestani et al., 2020). In this study, plants grown on compost composition (rice hull compost+tea residues+leaf compost) had higher shoot dry weight and leaf number, which could be due to higher percentage of nutrients (N, P and K) in this media (Table 3). In contrast, the plants grown in the media of rice husk compost + perlite had the lowest growth characteristic compared to other treatments (Table 3). The decrease in growth parameters in this substrate can be attributed to the low percentage of nutrients, water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity. The results presented here are in agreement with the results of Padasht Dehkaei and Gholami (2009) on Dracaena marginata Ait. and Beaucarnea recurvate and the results of Mahbob Khomami and Dehkaei (2010) on Ficus benjamina plant cv. Starlight. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, compost composition (rice hull compost+tea residues+leaf compost) due to its proper nutritional characteristics, low substrate weight and cost as well as abundance of these substrate in North regions of Iran, can be a good substitute for common peat moss for interior green walls and sustainable green space development.

 An Exploratory Study among Podcast Enthusiasts: Factors Influencing Audience LoyaltyShaho Sabbar[1]; Albert Boghosian[2]; Shaghayegh Nosrati[3]  AbstractThis study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to audience loyalty towards podcasts. Firstly, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to compile a list of 20 media attributes that potentially influence audience loyalty to a media outlet. Additionally, a questionnaire consisting of 12 items, based on previous studies, was developed to measure the level of loyalty. A group of podcast enthusiasts were then asked to evaluate the presence of these 20 attributes in their favorite podcast by responding to Likert-scale questions. Simultaneously, the loyalty of these individuals to their preferred podcast was assessed based on their responses to the 12 questions. A total of 768 participants completed the questionnaire. The study evaluated the significance and strength of the relationship between each of the 20 podcast attributes and audience loyalty. Out of the twenty attributes studied, seven demonstrated strong relationships with loyalty. These attributes include "meeting the audience's needs," "enhancing audience knowledge," "welcoming feedback," "valuing emotions and thoughts," "providing accurate information," "facilitating the sharing of useful information," and "targeted learning."Keywords: Podcast, Podcasting, Audience, Loyalty, Audience Loyalty IntroductionWith sound playing a significant role in communication, podcasts, which utilize the auditory element, have become increasingly important in the digital media landscape (Majidi Ghahroudi & Golestani, 2011). In other words, podcasts align well with the demands of modern human life, blurring the line between face-to-face and virtual communications, and even harkening back to the era of verbal-auditory interactions (Tulley, 2011).However, the proliferation of digital media and its extensive diversity pose a challenging task for media owners and practitioners in retaining their audience. This challenge applies to various media outlets, including podcasts, as well as their audiences or consumers. By incorporating loyalty-building attributes in their programming, podcasts that successfully prioritize these factors may attract new audiences at a lower cost, with these loyal listeners themselves bringing in new listeners (Keshvari, Pourkhililu, Khajestehfar, 2018).Research Question This study aims to address the following question by relying on individuals' personal evaluations of their favorite podcast(s) and measuring their level of loyalty to the same podcast(s): Which podcast attributes have correlation with the level of audience loyalty to them?MethodologyThis study seeks to determine which attributes of podcasts have correlations with the level of audience loyalty. As previously mentioned, this evaluation encompasses two aspects: podcast attributes and the level of loyalty. In this study, the term "podcast attributes" refers to the attributes as perceived by the audience. Audience loyalty, on the other hand, is a cognitive factor based on the audience's perception and behavior. Since both sides of the equation under investigation in this study are based on an individual's perspective, a survey method and questionnaire distribution are suitable for conducting the research.One aspect of the study focuses on the attributes of podcasts. Previous studies in this field were examined to compile a list of potential media attributes that may have a significant relationship with audience loyalty to podcasts. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify and complete a list of media attributes (not exclusively related to podcasts) that may be relevant to loyalty. Finally, 20 characteristics were collected, with each being measured by a single question in the questionnaire.The other side of the equation is loyalty. To measure loyalty, 12 questions were designed, and like the previous section, these questions also utilize a five-point Likert scale. The study does not examine the 12 questions independently; instead, the cumulative score obtained by an individual from their 12 responses represents their loyalty score.FindingsA total of 768 individuals responded to the questions, and since answering these questions was mandatory in the questionnaire, this number remained consistent for all 32 questions. The questions are divided into two sections. The first section comprises 20 questions that examine the attributes of a medium based on indices provided in previous studies. Respondents indicated the presence or absence of each attribute in their favorite podcast using a five-option Likert scale (ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree).As a result, it was determined that seven characteristics from the list of twenty podcast attributes showed a strong relationship with loyalty. These attributes include "meeting the audience's needs," "enhancing audience knowledge," "welcoming feedback to the podcast," "valuing emotions and thoughts," "providing accurate information," "facilitating the sharing of useful information," and "targeted coverage." Additionally, eleven characteristics demonstrated a moderate relationship, including "priority of this podcast for those interested in this field," "ease and speed of access," "creating interaction with people from diverse cultures and languages," "suitability of service delivery speed," "improving the productivity and efficiency of communication," "updating audience information," "addressing audience criticism," "being informative," "creating convenience in information exchange," "strengthening relationships between people," and "creating access to the growth of visits and participation of new audiences". Two characteristics, "long-term relationship" and "establishing a friendly and close relationship," showed a weak relationship with loyalty and can be considered less significant.The list of influential podcast attributes developed by this research can play an important role in designing a podcast loyalty model, making it valuable for researchers, media owners, and others. To foster loyalty towards their podcast, media owners should strive to enhance these 18 attributes as perceived by their audie 

Introduction In verse 61 of Surah Al-Emran, almighty God refers to an important event in the history of Islam called “Mubaheleh”. There are important and significant points in this noble verse. But in this research, two things were taken into consideration. First, the concept of Mubaheleh itself, which in an analytical way by quoting the esoteric interpretations and mystical interpretations under this verse, by analyzing the sayings and foundations of these interpretations, it was tried to deal with the nature of the Mubaheleh act from a developmental and ontological point of view, and the second issue is the word, "Anfosana" (which, according to the opinion of two parties, is applicable to Hazrat Ali Ibn Abi Talib (PBUH). In this article, an attempt was made with regard to the words of Imam Reza (PBUH), who considers this verse to be the highest virtue of his ancestor, with double emphasis on the semantics of this verse. The word, beyond the exegesis and theological words, achieved a royal and existential knowledge of the soul of the Great Prophet (PBUH) on the basis of mystical knowledge and reached the knowledge of this sublime truth in the worlds of creation before the world of matter and even in the divine levels, and also based on the style of mystical anthropology should open a new window in relation to the soul of the Prophet (PBUH) and the prophetic truth (PBUH) to be a window to the transcendental understanding of the words of Imam Reza (PBUH).Research Question(s)What is the truth of the action of Mubaheleh from an esoteric and developmental point of view?How does the curse of the Perfect Human affect the development of the world?What is the real and existential truth of “Nafse Vahed” from a mystical point of view in the worlds before creation and the world of GOD knowledge?From the perspective of mystical anthropology, what is the relationship between “Nafs” and “Prophetic Truth”?Literature ReviewIn terms of sources, since most of the exegetical writings about the Mubaheleh verse have dealt with the historical issues surrounding this honorable verse, perhaps the first author to point out the truth of the content in the Mubaheleh verse is the book of Salim bin Qais Helali, this process continued throughout the centuries. In addition to narrating the narrations, the description of the event of Mubaheleh has been mentioned or detailed in hadith reference books such as Kafi, Manaqib, Kashf al-Ghomah, Behar al-Anvar, etc. In terms of historiography, among orientalists people like Louis Massinion and among Muslims, some Islamic scholars have written works in this field. The book Al-Mubaheleh Ibn Abi al-Azagar or the book Hal al-A'za, which is a description of Ma'mun's debate with Imam Reza (PBUH), written by Sheikh Ali Bin Ali Reza Khoei, Ayat al-Mubaheleh written by Ayatollah Seyed Ali Hosseini Milani or from Mubaheleh to Ashura by Mohammad Amini Golestani, a comparative analysis of the Mubaheleh of the Prophet (PBUH) with the Christians of Najran by Kamaluddin Gharab or a moment-to-moment report of the events of Mubaheleh written by Mohammad Ansari and etc. These are some important books and articles in this field. As it can be seen, most of these efforts have dealt with the event of Mubaheleh from a historical or theological point of viewMethodologyThe method used in this research is an analytical method. An attempt was made based on the primary data taken from mystical interpretations, firstly by analyzing these data, we arrived at the esoteric and ontological nature of the practice of Mubaheleh, and then, based on mystical foundations, the existential truth and kingdom of the self in the worlds before the material creation were discussed, and finally by analyzing the style and words of the elders in the field of mystical anthropology, an attempt was made to obtain a brief understanding of the existence aspect of the “Nafs” with the truth of the Great Prophet (PBUH).ResultsThe findings of this research, which was mainly done by delving into mystical interpretations and relying on hadiths mentioned by two parties, show that it is possible to reach a new concept of the truth of Mubaheleh, and that truth is that the perfect human being is the soul of the world. A perfect human being, due to his connection to the heavenly souls or his connection to the prism (the primal manifestation of truth, which is the basis of all manifestations), has truth beyond the world of possibility, and his relationship with the world is like the relationship between the soul and the body, so any change and anger in it will cause an effect on the parts of the underworld, and this effect is also a sign of his authenticity, and this fact is a matter of doubt according to the mystical cosmology.Also, for the deep understanding of the word “Anfosana” as one of the main axes of the discussion and the turning point of the honorable verse and the highest virtue of the Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (PBUH) in the words of Iman Reza(PBUH), it can be said: a kind of unity between the creation of light and the existential truth of the Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (PBUH) is considered to be interpreted as a “Nafse Vahed”. Therefore, according to mystical interpretations, the use of the word "Anfosana" in the verse of Mubaheleh, which refers to the meaning of a single soul, cannot have an example other than the Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (PBUH), and this is not a matter of dispute.           ConclusionAs it was clarified with careful research, especially with a mystical approach, this truth is beyond the intensity of the love of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to the Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (PBUH), and in fact, the expression of “Anfosana” refers to a single soul and existential unity, light unity and the oneness and kingdom of those nobles is indicated in God's grace and their plurality should be considered in the world. From here, the words of Iman Reza (PBUH) who introduced the highest virtue of the Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (PBUH), in the verse of Mubaheleh, and thus the historical signs of the origin of the event, its theological and philosophical explanations, its hadith case studies and the eternal fruits of all of this will be shown in mystical interpretation.

Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is located 40 km southwest of Takestan (Qazvin province) and west of the Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt. The mineralization occurred as Pb-Zn-Cu-bearing quartz veins hosted by early-middle Eocene tuff and lava strata and show a close spatial relationship with the middle Eocene pyroxene quartz monzodiorite body. The main ore vein ranges from 70 to 200 meters long, and 0.5 to 2 meters thick. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and tennantite-tetrahedrite, accompanied by minor pyrolusite and psilomelane, are the main ore minerals; quartz, calcite, siderite, barite, and sericite-illite are gangue minerals. Goethite, cerussite, smithsonite, malachite, and covellite are formed by supergene processes. The ore minerals formed as disseminated, vein-veinlets, brecciated, comb, crustiform, colloform, plumose, and vug infill textures. Six stages of mineralization can be distinguished at Kourcheshmeh, where Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization occurred as quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-galena-sphalerite ± tennantite-tetrahedrite veins and breccias in the second stage. Wall-rock alteration comprises silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, and propylitic alteration. Chondrite–normalized trace elements and REE patterns of ore samples, pyroxene quartz monzodiorite body, and fresh host acidic crystal tuff are comparable. This specifies that alteration and leaching of elements from the host volcanic rocks are involved in mineralization. Features of the Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit are similar to the intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal deposits. IntroductionThe Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc is a significant metalliferous province in Iran that hosts numerous Cu-Mo (Au) porphyry deposits (i.e., Sar Cheshmeh, Meiduk, Darreh-Zar, Chah-Firouzeh, Sarkuh, Iju, Aliabad, Kahang, and Dalli; McInnes et al., 2003; Zarasvandi et al., 2005; Taghipour et al., 2008; Ayati et al., 2013; Mirnejad et al., 2013; Aghazadeh et al., 2015; Alirezaei et al., 2017; Mohammaddoost et al., 2017; Golestani et al., 2018; Aliyari et al., 2020; Shafiei Bafti et al., 2022; Mohammaddoost et al., 2023) and epithermal precious and base metal (e.g., Sari Gunay, Touzlar, Chah Zard, Ay Qalasi, Milajerd, Chah-Mesi, and Govin; Richards et al., 2006; Kouhestani et al., 2012; Heidari et al., 2015; Kouhestani et al., 2015; Mohammadi Niaei et al., 2015; Kouhestani et al., 2017; Alipour-Asll, 2019; Zamanian et al., 2020; Altenberger et al., 2022) deposits. The Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt is located on the northern margin of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. This volcanic belt hosts several Manto-type Cu, and epithermal Au and Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic deposits/occurrences like as Atash-Anbar, Lak, Deh-Bala, Ipak, Kuh-e Jarou, Rudak, Ghomoshlou, Ghomoshdash, Qezel-Ahmad, Bidestan, Afshar-Abad, Boujafar, Guilan-Darreh, Ramand, Hajib, Chalambar, and Kourcheshmeh (Habibi, 2007; Goodarzi, 2012; Ebrahimi, 2016; Yousefi et al., 2017; Tale Fazel et al., 2022a; Tale Fazel et al., 2022b; Khanahmadlou, 2023). Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks generally host these deposits and are temporally/spatially associated with middle Eocene intrusions (Kazemi et al., 2022).Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is 40 km southwest of Takestan, Qazvin province, and part of the Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt. Despite the presence of ancient and new mining activities in the Kourcheshmeh area, no comprehensive studies have been conducted on the geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of the Kourcheshmeh deposit. In this contribution, we investigate the detailed geology, mineralogy, structure and texture, geochemistry, and alteration styles of the Kourcheshmeh deposit to constrain its ore genesis and mineralization evolution. These outcomes might be useful for the regional exploration of epithermal base and precious metal deposits in the Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt and other parts of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. Materials and MethodsDuring the fieldwork conducted on the Kourcheshmeh deposit, the following activities were carried out:- Preparation of a geological map, scale 1:5000, of the Kourcheshmeh deposit.- Collect approximately fifty samples from rock units, ore veins, and breccias.- Examination of seven thin sections and eighteen polished thin sections using a transmitted and reflected polarized light microscope in the University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, laboratory.- Analysis of the chemical composition of ore samples (n = 28) and fresh and barren host rocks (n = 2) at the Zarazma Analytical Laboratories, Tehran, Iran, using XRF and ICP–MS methods. Results and DiscussionThe rock units outcropped in the Kourcheshmeh deposit comprise the Fajan Formation (conglomerate), Zyarat Formation (nummulitic limestone), Eocene volcanic (basalt, andesitic basalt, basaltic andesite, and megaporphyritic andesite) and volcaniclastic (intermediate crystal lithic tuff, and acidic crystal to lithic crystal tuff) strata, and Eocene-Oligocene (dacite, rhyodacite, rhyolite, and acidic tuff) sequence. The intrusive rock in the Kourcheshmeh area includes the middle Eocene (Kazemi et al., 2022) pyroxene quartz monzodiorite that cut the Eocene volcanic sequences. Mineralization at Kourcheshmeh occurred as Pb-Zn-Cu-bearing quartz veins within the Eocene tuff and lava sequence and is covered by a 3 m thickness of intermediate argillic alteration. The main ore vein has an N100E/70-80NE trend, 70 to 200 meters long, and 0.5 to 2 meters thick. Hydrothermal alteration includes silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, and propylitic alteration; the first three are directly linked to base metal mineralization. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, minor pyrolusite, and psilomelane, are the main ore minerals at Kourcheshmeh. Quartz, calcite, siderite, barite, and sericite-illite are gangue minerals. Goethite, cerussite, smithsonite, malachite, and covellite are formed by supergene processes. The ore minerals formed as disseminated, vein-veinlets, brecciated, comb, crustiform, colloform, plumose, and vug-infill textures. The mineralization processes at the Kourcheshmeh deposit can be divided into six stages, as follows:Stage 1: Silicification of host rocks with negligible disseminated pyrite.Stage 2: Quartz vein-veinlets and breccias that comprise mutable volumes of disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and minor tennantite-tetrahedrite. This stage is where Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization occurs.Stage 3: Barite vein-veinlets.Stage 4: Carbonate (calcite and siderite) and minor manganese ores (psilomelane, pyrolusite, braunite) as veinlets and vug-infill.Stage 5: Barren post-ore stage represented by calcite vein-veinlets.Stage 6: Supergene processesThe Chondrite–normalized trace elements and REE patterns of ore samples, pyroxene quartz monzodiorite body, and fresh host acidic crystal tuff are comparable and show that host rocks are possibly engaged in mineralization. These patterns are almost similar for different ore samples, which can indicate the same mineralization system formed them. Characteristics of the Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit are similar to the intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal deposits.

Jealousy is one of the negative and unpleasant emotions that an individual may experience, and it inflicts the greatest harm upon the envious person themselves. An envious individual is one who wishes for the blessings of others to diminish. As a morally reprehensible trait, envy has long been reflected in Persian language and literature. Iranian poets and writers, as moral guides and teachers of humanity, have utilized this theme to enumerate its detrimental effects. Rumi (Mawlana), in his role as a profound teacher of the 7th century AH, addressed this characteristic extensively. Conversely, the science of psychology, which concerns itself with the virtues, vices, excesses, and deficiencies of human behavior, has also shown considerable interest in this subject. Alfred Adler, the renowned psychiatrist, is among the scholars who have produced valuable work in this area. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and an interdisciplinary approach, this article evaluates the perspectives of Rumi and Adler—two thinkers who examined this phenomenon in different eras and contexts. Among the findings of this research is the common belief shared by both in the root of jealousy: the feeling of inferiority. IntroductionEnvy is one of the negative and unpleasant emotions humans have faced throughout history, suffering its disagreeable consequences. In essence, envy is a troublesome force that creates difficulties for both the envious individual and the object of their envy. The primary focus of this article is to investigate the causes and psychological roots of envy within the jealous individual. According to standard dictionary definitions, an envious person not only experiences distress at witnessing another's good fortune but also actively desires the diminishment or destruction of that blessing and may devote effort toward that end. Considering the universality of envy as a fundamental human concern, research on the subject spans multiple disciplines. The topic has received significant attention within literary texts, psychology, religious studies, and mysticism. This article investigates the theme of envy across two domains: Persian literature and psychology. Within Persian literature, the motif of envy is extensively reflected. This study specifically examines the perspective of Rumi among classical Persian poets and writers. From the field of psychological theory, it analyzes the views of Alfred Adler. Both Rumi and Adler share common ground regarding the underlying causes and roots of jealousy, as well as potential approaches for its remedy. This article examines the concept of envy—its causes, psychological roots, and potential remedies—from the distinct perspectives of the poet and mystic Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (7th century AH) within Persian literature, and the psychologist Alfred Adler (1870–1937) within the field of individual psychology. Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī, known as Rūmī, was a 7th-century AH poet and mystic. His Masnavi-ye Ma'navi stands as his magnum opus, a work that engages with the full spectrum of contemporary sciences and spiritual thought. Alfred Adler (1870–1937) was an Austrian-Hungarian ophthalmologist, psychiatrist, and neurologist, best known as the founder of the school of individual psychology. Some of his works are as follows: The Practice and Theory of Personal Psychology (1924)Understanding Human Nature (1927)Pattern of Life (1930)The Science of Living (1930)Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind (1933)This article first presents a general overview of the concept of envy. It then separately outlines the theories of Rumi and Adler regarding its nature and etiology in humans. The analysis reveals a significant point of convergence between the two thinkers in identifying the root cause of envy. Subsequently, remedies and treatments for envy from Rumi’s perspective are examined. The article concludes by synthesizing and comparing Rumi’s insights with Adler’s psychological theory on the subject. Literature ReviewSo far, there has been no independent research based on the opinions of these two characters, Rumi and Adler regarding jealousy. But below are some works that are similar to this topic: Arab, A., and Haghpanah, Y. (2011): Relying on Adler's school of psychology, the authors try to analyze Saalik's poems with an Adlerian approach, based on the proliferation of humiliation in the sick structure of power, which indicates the creation of an inferiority complex and, as a result, a feeling of inferiority. Al-Ghazali, M. (2009): In the second volume of this book, the author has devoted a section to jealousy and its harms and its treatment. Golestani Bakht, T. Zamani (Allah daad), M., & Rahmani Farshbaf, S. (2018: In this article, the author has examined the issue of inferiority complex and compensating for inferiority, which is one of the topics of Adlerian psychology, in Kleider's novel. Golizadeh, P., and Kianchi, N. (2012): This research, by using the concepts of psychology and mythology, is focused on revealing some mysterious aspects of Masnavi Manavi. The psychological analysis of the story of the Romans and the Chinese based on Freud's theories of the individual unconscious, Jung's collective unconscious and archetype of the self, and Jung's and Adler's psychological complexes has been considered in this research. Hemmati, M., and Shirvani Shiri, A. (2021): In this article, the conceptualization of envy in the Holy Qur'an and the origin and consequences of this vice in the individual and social dimensions have been discussed. Ibn Moskawieh, A. (2002): In this book, Ibn Moskawieh has discussed issues related to self-improvement and ways to achieve good morals. Kaluzna Wielobob, A. Wlodzimierz, S., and Jan, C. (2020). Community feeling and Narcissism as two opposite phenomena, Zurich open repository and archive, university of Zurich. This research is a test to measure the link between narcissism and Adler's speciesism theory. Mohammadi, F. (2021): In this article, the author has examined the story of the Jewish king and minister in the Masnavi of Rumi from the psychological point of view of cognitive error and the problems that the bipolar fundamentalist mentality creates in the analysis of problems, which is one of the psychological issues. Mohebi, A (2011): In this thesis, the researcher has investigated the issue of envy from the perspective of Rumi. Anderson, R. E. (2002): The author proves with practical reasons and arguments that clinical studies on jealousy and narrow-mindedness represent biophysical patterns, including the mental, perceptual, cognitive, emotional and intentional functions of these two mental states. Shahabi, A. Sotodian, M. Mohseni, A. Rajabi, M. (2013): In this article, the authors have compared the issue of envy from Saadi's point of view with Adler's view on the issue of envy. Tusi, N. (1985): In this book, Khajah Nasir-al-din Tusi, one of the Iranian scientists, has discussed the causes of envy and its treatment method in a part of the book titled "In the treatment of mental diseases and. . . ". MethodologyThis article constitutes a fundamental-theoretical study conducted using a comparative analytical method. Each topic was examined and analyzed separately from the perspectives of Rūmī and Adler. The research is based on library studies, utilizing note-taking techniques and the index card method for data collection, the findings were subsequently classified and analyzed. Given that the foundational knowledge of both Persian literature and psychology has been integral to the development of this article, its findings are relevant for students and researchers in both disciplines. DiscussionMaulana Jalaluddin Balkhi and Alfred Adler each investigated the concept of envy and the causes of its creation in their own period and field and found its roots. Rumi mentioned several factors as effective factors in the formation of envy, and avoiding these characteristics can be a cure for this reprehensible trait. Among the factors that Rumi considered to be effective in causing envy, one can mention the feeling of lack and inferiority, comparison, forbidden morsel and lack of love. Rumi has also mentioned the consequences for a jealous person, which include avoiding God's mercy and losing the ability to distinguish between good and evil and right and wrong, and preventing them from reaching perfection. Rumi has also mentioned remedies to remove the feeling of jealousy in a jealous person. Among them: humility, avoiding comparison, feeling contentment, and feeling grateful. Alfred Adler, like Rumi, has considered the root of envy in feeling of inferiority, lack and comparison. ConclusionIn any detailed investigation of an issue, reaching its root cause is a prerequisite for understanding its depth and formulating a treatment plan. Through their respective examinations of the concept, results, and consequences of envy, both Rūmī and Adler identified its psychological origin in humans. Despite the significant temporal, geographical, and cultural distance between them, they arrived at a strikingly convergent conclusion regarding the source of envy. Both thinkers located its source in a sense of lack and self-deprecation. According to their theories, feelings of inferiority and deficiency in an individual can engender envy. Envy may also arise from the act of comparing oneself with others while overlooking one’s own inherent capacities and blessings.

Elder abuse is a new type of domestic violence, which despite its high prevalence, its numerous consequences and psychological effects, receives less attention. Impairment in cognitive function and emotional health is found highly in older adults with experience of violence and abuse. Thus, the current study aimed to compare cognitive abilities (CAs) and emotional well-being (EWB) in older adults with and without experience of abuse. This was a causal-comparative study, of retrospective type. The statistical population included older men and women who referred to the retirement centers of Rasht, Iran in 2022-2023, among whom 164 people (72 with abuse experience and 92 without abuse experience) were selected using convenience sampling (based on the cut-off score of 4 in Hwalek-Sengstock’s elder abuse screening test and the elder abuse clinical interview). Data were collected using Nejati’s CAs questionnaire and Keyes and Magyar-Moe’s EWB scale. The Data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) in SPSS-24 software. The results indicated that EWB and CAs (including memory, inhibitory control and selective attention, sustained attention, planning, decision making, cognitive flexibility) except for component of social cognition were lower in older adults with abuse experience in comparison to that of older adults without abuse experience (P<.001). These findings state that the experience of abuse has a destructive effect on CAs and EWB in older adults. Meanwhile, defects in CAs and EWB, as a risk factor, can provide the basis for elder abuse. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to these variables in the design of preventive programs to prevent elder abuse as much as possible or design appropriate protocols for every older individual with experience of abuse.EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introductionowadays, one of the most prevalent phenomena individuals face during old age is elder abuse. Studies have identified several variables associated with elder abuse, among which the most significant are cognitive abilities and emotional well-being. Research literature indicates that low levels of cognitive functioning and emotional health-related variables such as happiness and psychological well-being are frequently observed in older individuals who have experienced abuse. Such deficiencies in cognitive and emotional domains may have its roots in misbehaviors towards older adults. Additionally, it is possible that pre-existing deficiencies in mentioned variables have paved the way for mistreatments towards older adults. Although studies have introduced some predictor variables and their counterparts in older individuals with and without experiences of abuse, there are some contradictions in the findings of these studies. Moreover, addressing variables and components that have received less attention in previous studies appears essential. Besides, considering the role of these variables in designing appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies concerning elder abuse, conducting this research was crucial. Therefore, given the existing gap in the research literature in this field of inquiry, the aim of the current study was to compare the cognitive abilities and emotional well-being in older individuals with and without experiences of abuse.MethodThe method of the present research was causal-comparative. The statistical population included older men and women who referred to the retirement centers of Rasht, Iran in 2022-2023, among whom 164 people (72 older adults with abuse experience and 92 older adults without abuse experience) were selected using convenience sampling as the research sample. Inclusion criteria were (1) age 65-74 years, (2) having at least a middle school degree, (3) informed consent, and the exclusion criteria were suffering from chronic physical and mental diseases such as Alzheimer’s, impaired consciousness, serious hearing and speech impairment. First, some explanations were given to older adults regarding the purpose of the research and confidentiality of information. After declaring their consent and readiness, participants completed the Hwalek-Sengstock’s elder abuse screening test, and older adults with a cut-off score of 4 were clinically interviewed in order to confirm the abuse as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria, and finally were assigned into two groups of older adults with and without experience of abuse. Then, both groups filled out the Nejati’s cognitive abilities questionnaire and the Keyes and Magyar-Moe’s emotional well-being scale. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SPSS-24 software.ResultsBefore performing the data analysis, it was determined that the assumptions of normal distribution, homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance were established. The results of Wilk’s Lambda test indicated that there is a significant difference between two groups of older adults with and without experience of abuse in terms of cognitive abilities (F=10.47, P<.001, Eta=.32) and emotional well-being (F=21.84, P<.001, Eta=.213). The results of MANOVA figured out that there is a significant difference between two groups of older adults with and without experience of abuse in terms of all components of cognitive ability such as memory (F=41.73, P<.001), inhibitory control and selective attention (F=52.54, P<.001), decision making (F=17.01, P<.001), planning (F=32.24, P<.001), sustained attention (F=24.45, P<.001) ), and cognitive flexibility (F=32.89, P<.001), except for the social cognition component (F=0.32, P>.05). As such, the cognitive abilities of older adults with experience of abuse was lower than that of older adults without experience of abuse. Moreover, the results of MANOVA illustrated that there is a significant difference between two groups of older adults with and without experience of abuse in terms of emotional well-being components such as positive emotion (F=30.92, P<.001) and negative emotion (F=35.44, P<.001). In this sense, the emotional well-being of older adults with experience of abuse was lower than that of older adults without experience of abuse. ConclusionDue to its severity, cognitive impairment caused by aging increases the vulnerability of older people to all kinds of elder abuse through reducing their self-autonomy. Lower ability, especially in terms of decision-making, planning and cognitive flexibility, increases the risk of misbehavior towards older adults and becomes the basis for such situations. On the one hand, continuous exposure to different kinds of abuse can have a negative effect on the cognitive ability of older adults, especially in terms of memory, inhibitory control, selective attention and sustained attention of older adults. Meanwhile, the constant exposure of older adults to experiences of abuse has a negative effect on the emotional well-being of older adults, increasing the level of negative emotions in them and reducing the frequency of positive emotions. On the other hand, the high level of negative emotions and the low level of positive emotions in older adults increases their vulnerability to abuse. In fact, the low level of emotional well-being of older adults can increase their vulnerability to elder abuse by increasing dependence, inactivity, reducing the quality of interactions and communication status, and reducing the ability to cope with stress. It is suggested that the findings of this research in the field of the pathology of elder abuse and the design of appropriate preventive and interventive programs should be considered by experts works in this field of inquiry.Ethical ConsiderationEthical CodeCode of ethics: This study was preregistered at the Vice-Chancellor for academic affairs and Graduate Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Gilan University, Iran.Financial Support This study had no financial support.Authors’ Contributions N.Z.B: Writing - original draft, conceptualization, data curation,resources, visualization, writing- review & editing; A.A: Methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, project administration; M.K: Project administrationConflict of Interest The authors had no conflicts of interest.AcknowledgmentsAppreciation are given to the participants and all those who paved the way for the implementation of the current research.ReferencesAbbasi, M., Pirani, Z., Zanguei, A. R., & Zarei, M. 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