Background and purpose: Sclera and choroid as external and middle tunic of the eye, originate from the mesenchyme surrounding the optic cup. Neural crest cells have major contribution in mesenchyme development. Main part of transmitter signals in eyes development is extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoconjugates.The purpose of this study was to recognize extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoconjugates during development of the sclera and choroid.Materials and methods: Rat embryos from 11th to 20th day of gestation and newborns from 1st to 15th day were collected.Tissue sections histochemical staining and lectin histochemistry using PNA, BSA1-B4 and S/PNA techniques were carried out. Sections graded according to staining intensity.Results: Statistical analysis of section showed significant differences only for neutral and carboxylated acidic glycose aminoglycan in studied days (mann-whitney P<0.05). Further more, surrounding optic cup mesenchyme reacts with high affinity to BSA1-B4. In this way, presence of end sugar D-Gal in mesenchymal cells of this area was identified. The reaction of above mentioned mesenchyme to PNA lectin of end sugar D-Gal N-acetyle glucose amine was negative, but after using sialidase enzyme digestion method, some of the mesenchymal cells showed a week response to this lectin. In this way, presence of acid sialic and end sugar Gal/GalNac could be shown in these cells.Conclusion: It is concluded that, over-all, extracellular matrix changes and cell surface end sugars are part of mechanism responsible in control of morphogenesis in embryo during eye formation.

Introduction: Several different cell types have been identified morphologically in the epididymal epithelium in male mammals. They absorb luminal fluid and secret sperm-maturation glycoconjugates. Lectin histochemical method is useful for detection of glycocojugates with specific terminal sugars.Objective: This study surveys the distribution of glycoconjugates containing terminal sugals in cells of different areas of epididym and its canal sperms by the use of lectins.Materials and Methods: Sample of epididymal tissue was obtained from 30 adult male BALB/C mouse. After fixation and routine laboratory process, 5 μm sections was prepared from paraffin blocks. Slides were exposed to lectins with lectin-histochemistry. Then the slides were assessed by light microscope and graded reaction intensity in different cells.Results: Basal cells reacted to MPA, SBA and principal cells to all of lectins. Reaction intensity in essential cells was different as compared to various lectins and a special lectin in different areas of epididym. Narrow cells reacted to LTA, MPA and clear cells reacted to all of lectins. There wasn’t any reaction in basal lamina and interstitial tissue except for MPA.Conclusion: epididymis secrets many sperm-maturation related glycoconjugates. Different reactions in different probably synthesieed glycoconjugates in basal cells due to inability to reach lumen and limited reaction in membrane, are used for repair and reconstruction of membrane. Faint or lack of reactions in caput of epididymis and appearance in corpus principal cells indicates that these cells in caput are involved in fluid absorption and/or glycoconjugates secretion in corpus. Epididymal sperm transit are accompanied with focuse content increasing and alternation in other terminal sugars.

Background: Gibberellic acid (GBA) is a naturally occurring and commercially produced plant growth regulator which may cause a variety of effects including the stimulation of seed germination in some cases. Histochemical changes in testicular tissue including carbohydrates, lipids and alkaline phosphatase enzyme changes were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Twenty seven mature male rats after one week acclimatization period were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 served as control group and received no treatment; group 2 was controlsham group and received 1% methanol (which was career of Gibberellic acid) and finally group 3 received 10 mg/kg gibberellic acid. All administrations were with oral gavages (every other day). After sacrificing the rats on days 15, 30 and 45 of treatment period (3 rats per day per group) stained testicular slides were prepared. These stainings include Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) for carbohydrates, Sudan Black-B staining for lipids and Alkaline Phosphatase staining to evaluate alkaline phosphatase enzyme in testicular tissue.Results: In present study revealed that level of carbohydrates in three first spermatogenesis decreased in GBA group in comparison with other groups otherwise level of lipids increased. Furthermore, level of cytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase enzyme in GBA group increased in spermatogenesis cells (especially spermatocyte I cells).Conclusion: According to obtained results, acid Gibberellic agent may have metabolic negative effects in spermatogenesis cells.

purpose: Plasma membrane glycoconjugates are important determinantsof differentiation and iteraction during spermtogenesis. Which entails miotic and meiosis proliferation, alternation in cell shape and so on. Hihg rates of them synthetized and present in acrosomes. With attention to such importancy, the present study has was designed to analyze glycoconjugates with special terminal sugar residues by meanes of lectin histochemistry. Materials and Methods: samples abtained from fifteen healthy fertile mice. After fixation and routine laboratory process, 5,µm sections prepared from paraffinian blocks. Lectin histochmistry was used to perform in situ characterization glycoconjugates present in mouse seminiferoustubules. Results: There wasnt any reaction in spermatogonia. Reaction to Soybean, Madura pamifera. Arachis hypogaea and Vicia villosa agglutinin lectins apeared in cytoplasm,plasmamembrane, preacrosomal granules in first spermatocyte and increased in early spermatids. This followed by reduction in late spermatids. There wasnt any affinity for Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin in germ cells. Sertoli cells reacted with Maclura parnifera and Arachis hypogaea agglutinin lectins. Conclusion: As terminl sugars in a high quantity, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine. in acrosome, cytoplasm and plasmamembrane have possible and important role in spermatogenesis. In late spermatid for protection these sugars may mask sialic acid and therefore diminish reactions. Acrosome was the most relevant lectin-labeled structure.

Introduction: There is little information about essence and combination of ductuli efferentes secretions. Glycoconjugates importance in sperm production and maturation has been confirmed in previous studies; therefore this study is done in order to recognitize Glycoconjugates in ductuli efferentes epithelium and determination of their distribution pattern by means of lectin histochemistry.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study tissue species were obtained from 30 adult male BALB/c mice. After fixation and routine laboratory processes, 5 µm sections were prepared from paraffin blocks. These slides were exposed to different lectins by means of lectin histochemistry. Reaction intensity in different cells was investigated by light microscope and graded according to the previous related studies. Then results were compared with each other by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests. Results: The mean of reaction intensity in ductuli efferentes epithelium in reply to different lectins, showed significant statistical difference (p<0.005). The most intense reaction was seen in response to WGA (Wheat Germ Agglutinin) lectin and after that to SBA (Soybean Agglutinin), VVA (Vicia Villosa Agglutinin) and PNA (Peanut Agglutinin) respectively. But the staining was negative with GSA-I (Griffonia Simplicifolia Agglutinin-I) lectin.Conclusion: Results indicate that the cells of ductuli efferentes epithelium in mouse are involved in synthesis and secretion of sperm maturation related glycoconjugates and produce a variety of these components in various amounts. There is a large amount of components, containing terminal sugars such as Sialic acid, Galactose-N- Acetylgalactosamine and N-Acetylgalactosamine in ductuli efferentes cells. The lack of Galactose in this epithelium shows that, it hasn’t a role in sperm maturation.