Introduction Stone impaction in ureteral is defined as an unchanged stone location for at least 2 months or an inability to pass guidewire up to the stone intraoperatively. This study aims to evaluate the effect of stone impaction on pneumatic transurethral lithotripsy in upper ureteral stones. And to assess if stone impaction could be a factor that prevents retropulsion of upper ureteral stones. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, patients referred with upper ureteral stone to the urology clinic of Sina hospital between May 2014 to May 2018 were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: those with stone impaction (Group A) and those without impaction of stone (Group B). Transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) procedure with pneumatic lithotripter was performed in all patients. The data were extracted from patients’ documents and files retrospectively and analyzed. Quantitate data were shown by the number (%) and they were compared by chi-square test. The p-value<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results 70 patients with upper ureteral stones were evaluated. 38 patients (54. 2%) in group A and 32 (45. 7%) in group B. Average stone size was 7 mm (5-12) and there wasn’ t a significant difference in stone burden between the two groups. Stone-free rate (SFR) was significantly less in group B. (90% in group A versus 19% in group B, p-value <0. 001). Almost 1. 7% of patients experienced complications, there wasn’ t a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions Based on the better success rate of pneumatic TUL in upper ureteral impacted stones in comparison with non-impacted stones, we could conclude that having an impacted stone could be a favorable risk factor for successful TUL. The reason could be less migration of these types of stones.

Aim: As the patterns of impaction can affect the treatment plan of removing or remaining the impacted tooth, the difficulty of surgery, and the post-surgical complications, this survey aimed for assessment of the mandibular wisdom tooth impaction patterns in terms of angulation and depth in the north population of Iran. Materials and Methods: 196 Panoramic radiographs were gathered from patients attending to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of GUMS in 2018-2019. To perform this retrospective study the prevalence of impaction, angulation, and the level of the eruption were assessed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16. Results: This study found that the most common pattern of impacted mandibular third molars was level B in terms of depth and mesioangular in terms of angulation. Conclusion: The current study notes the importance of determining the angulation and level of wisdom tooth in designing the pre-surgical treatment and in post-surgical complaints.

Introduction: Foreign bodies in the external auditory canal are fairly common, and tend to be seeds, toys, or insects. However, foreign bodies in the middle ear are rarer and are generally accidental or iatrogenic. Although there are numerous reports regarding fascinating foreign bodies in the ear, the same cannot be said about foreign bodies in the Eustachian tube (ET). Case Report: A 20-year-old male patient presented with right-sided active squamosal chronic otitis media (COM) persisting for 10 years. An incidental finding of a hyperintense foreign body (FB) located near the isthmus of the right ET was reported on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bones. The FB was bony (eroded incus), which was impacted near the isthmus of the ET and was extremely difficult to remove. A natural FB such as an eroded ossicle in the ET which aggravated the adhesive otitis and caused active squamosal COM has not been reported in the literature. Conclusion: We have reported this case not only for its rarity but also to make readers aware of such incidental findings which can be found only by imaging, and to suggest how they can be tackled with current equipment and technology.

Introduction: An impacted tooth is the one which fails to attain its normal functional position within the expected developmental period. They are associated with various pathologies. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the pattern of occurrence, presentation, and management of impacted teeth among patients attending Muhimbili National Hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study that included all patients aged≥, 21 years and had impacted teeth. The patients were interviewed using a specially designed questionnaire and later examined clinically and radiographically. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 23. 0. Results: A total of 4, 668 patients comprising of 1938 (41. 5%) males and 2730 (58. 5%) females were attended. Among these, 264 (5. 6%) patients comprising of 152 (57. 6%) males and 112 (42. 4%) females had impacted teeth. The 21-25 years age group was the most (59. 2%) commonly affected. Mandibular third molars were the most (64. 9%) impacted teeth followed by 167 (33. 4%) maxillary third molars. Pain was the most common complaint in 79. 1% of patients. Mesio-angular impaction was the most common angulation in 196 (39. 9%) impacted teeth, followed by vertical impaction in 142 (28. 7%) and disto-angular 103 (21. 0%) impacted teeth. A majority (66. 6%) of impacted teeth were treated by open surgical removal followed by 53 (10. 5%) impactions by closed disimpaction. Conclusion: The occurrence of impacted teeth among the patients attended at MNH was 5. 6%. Mandibular third molars were the most commonly impacted teeth with mesio-angular being the commonest type of angulation of impacted teeth. Pericoronitis was the most common pathology associated with impacted teeth, others included dental caries, ameloblastoma, and dentigerous cysts. Surgical disimpaction was the most frequently used treatment method with good healing results.

Background :The majority of children affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are thought to be asymptomatic, with a lower mortality rate than adults. Objectives :The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with mortality in children with COVID-19. Methods :In this study, all patients were under 19 years of age, and their COVID-19 was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Primary data were related to underlying diseases, clinical and laboratory information, mortality, or safe discharge. The recorded data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18), taking into account the significance level of < 0.05. Results :Of the 183 children enrolled in the study, the mortality rate was 13.67%. The major risk factors for death were clinical manifestations involving central nervous system (CNS) diseases (P = 0.006), platelet (PLT) count (P = 0.020), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P < 0.001), alanine transaminase (ALT) (P = 0.033), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P < 0.001), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (P < 0.001) as laboratory measurements, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) was the underlying disease with an odds ratio of 10.94. Conclusions :The study concluded that the factors associated with death were laboratory measures, such as CRP, ESR, hemoglobin, and liver enzymes, and potential diseases, such as cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases.