The purpose of this research was to Construct and validate the Short Form of Iranian Police Stress Scale (IPSS-Zarifiyan yegane and Khalambor, 2004) by Factor Analysis and assessing reliability and validity. 3650 police officers of IRIPF (Islamic Republic of Iran Police Force) personnel throughout the country completed the IPSS questionnaires. Based on of factor analysis of collected data, 40 items of 85 items of questionnaires were eliminated and therefore IPSS short form (i.e. IPSS-A) was provided. IPSS-A validity was determined by correlation coefficient between long form and short form (r=0.98 for the 1st factor & r=0.96 for the 2nd factor) and its reliability was identified by test-re-test method (r=0.78 for the 1st factor & r=0.80 for the 2nd factor) and internal consistency «Cronbach Alpha Coefficient», (a=0.93 for the 1st factor & a=0.91 for the 2nd factor). Overall, obtained validity and reliability coefficients for IPSS-A were satisfactory for p<0.001. Based on the results of this research IPSS-A can be used in psychological research for identifying police stress.

Background&Objective: Post-general anesthesia urinary retention is a common and bothering complication. In this study prediction value of IPSS for post-general anesthesia urinary retention was evaluated. Materials&Methods: This prospective study include 100 male patients over 50 years old who were candidated for nenurologic and non neurosurgical elective surgery without any urology and neurologic past medial history. IPSS was calculated for each patient. The patients were followed in post operative period for urinary retention. Results: 1.8% of patients who had mild symptoms (IPSS=0-7) had urinary retention in 2nd 24 hours of post operative period, 20% of patients who had IPSS =8-19 and 53.3% of . patients with IPSS=LO-53 had urinary retention at same period (P<0.05). Conclusion: IPSS can predict post operative urinary retention in eldery male patients. If severe symptoms by IPSS was encountered the patients and health care personals must be cautioned about possibility of post-operative urinary retention and if required urologic consulation.

We assessed the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in prostatic cancer patients and investigated the sensitivity and specificity of international prostate symptom score (IPSS) in the screening of these patients. A total number of 132 prostatic cancer patients as the case group who were confirmed by the pathologists and 101 noncancerous men as the control group, aged 50 or older, responded to a questionnaire which included seven questions regarding urination, named the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).Then, two groups were assessed and compared with each other and also the sensitivity and specificity of IPSS tool for screening of prostatic cancer patients were calculated. All participants filled out the questionnaire. 60 (59.4%) noncancerous men and 29 (22.0%) cases had mild LUTS, and 41 (40.6%) noncancerous men and 103 (78.0%) cases had moderate to severe LUTS. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of the IPSS tool were 78% and 59.4%, respectively. Urination status and problems could be easily assessed by IPSS and it is a sensitive and specific tool for screening of prostatic cancer patients. It appears that IPSS is a cost beneficial, sensitive, specific and easily-used screening tool to diagnose the prostate cancer cases. Therefore, it can be used more extensively by the health care providers as well as by men ³50 years old themselves.

Background: In order to use International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in the Iranian population, a valid and reliable Persian version of this questionnaire is required. To date, this version of IPSS with those characteristics is not available.Methods and Materials: For evaluation of the validity, the original version of IPSS (English version) was translated into Persian and after 3 weeks was re-translated from Persian to English. The new English form was then compared with the original English IPSS form. Internal consistency was calculated. For measurement of reliability, the Persian version of IPSS was used to interview 50 patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). The difference between results was analyzed with a 3 week interval.Results: There was no significant difference between English translations and internal consistency was 0.7 using Cronbach’s α test. Test-retest reliability was assessed and showed no significant difference between the scores before and after 3 weeks (P value=0.9).Conclusion: Persian version of IPSS was proved to be valid and reliable and can be used as a symptom-based questionnaire for BPH in Iranian population.

Background and Objectives: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common age-related urological disorder. Patients can subjectively descript their micturition habits by using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) but whether or not patients answer correlate with their uroflowmetic findings has not been validated objectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of patient answers with findings on uroflowmetry studies.Subjects and Methods: eighty six patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were evaluated by IPSS and uroflowmetry. IPSS was divided into voiding and storage symptoms. Waiting time, voided volume, maximum and average flow rates were recorded. The relationship between these parameters was quantified by SPSS software Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: Patients were aged 46 - 79 years old. Age did not correlate by Qmax, Qave, IPSS and voided volume. Voided volumes were 109-647ml (mean=259.5 ml). Qmax was <15ml/s in about 63% of patients (54 patients) independently of age. Qmax was correlated negatively with total IPSS score and voiding symptoms but did not correlate with storage symptoms. Qave correlated only with voiding symptoms (p=0.04) but not with total IPSS and storage symptoms. Waiting time did not correlate with total IPSS, voiding and storage symptoms.Conclusion: There is a close correlation between IPSS and uroflowmetry results. uroflowmetry is a more suitable for LUTS paitents who have improper understanding the IPSS questions due to cultural or language problems.

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) commonly develop in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). The prevalence rate of LUTS among DM2 patients in Indonesia remains uncertain. However, more than half of LUTS patients could be treated conservatively, making it suitable for management in Primary Health Care (PHC). This study aims to describe the prevalence rate of LUTS, and related factors associated with the presence of LUTS among DM2 patients. This study was conducted at PHC in Rembang city, Central Java, Indonesia. Over 3 months, data were collected from a total of 131 male and female DM2 patients with questionnaires consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory examination results, and International Prostate Symptoms Score in Indonesian language (IPSS-Ina). Prevalence Ratio (PR) calculation and Chi-Square Test were performed. Adjustment of PR value with regular amlodipine consumption in the past month factor resulted in adjusted PR (aPR) value. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The LUTS prevalence among 131 DM2 subjects was 75.57%. LUTS was significantly associated with age (p = 0.002), hyperglycemia (p = <0.001), duration of DM2 diagnosis (p = 0.006), amlodipine consumption in the past 1 month (p = <0.001), and parity amount (female) (p = 0.015). Advanced age, hyperglycemia, duration of DM2 diagnosis, regular amlodipine consumption in the past month, and higher parity (female) increased the risk of LUTS in DM2 patients.

Purpose: The present study aims to assess and compare the effects of carvedilol and terazosin plus enalapril on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), urine flow, and blood pressure (BP) in patients with moderate hypertension (HTN) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and Methods: In this randomized crossover trial, a total of 40 men with HTN and LUTS symptoms were enrolled. The first group was treated with carvedilol, and the second group received terazosin plus enalapril. After eight weeks of treatment, the patients experienced a one-month washout period, and the treatments changed and were continued for eight weeks. To diagnose BPH in the study, the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) questionnaire was used. Moreover, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the post-void residual (PVR) urine volume, and the maximum urinary flow rate (Q-max using the uroflowmetry test) were measured. Results: Effect assessment results in this crossover trial illustrated neither carryover effects nor significant treatment effects on all primary outcomes (P > 0. 05). Moreover, the results for the period effect indicated a significant reduction in BP (systolic and diastolic), PVR, and IPSS, yet a significant raise in Qmax. Conclusion: The effects of carvedilol are similar to those of the combination of terazosin and enalapril in patients with moderate HTN and BPH in controlling LUTS. Carvedilol could be used as an appropriative drug in patients with moderate HTN and cardiac problems with LUTS of BPH. Further studies are recommended to be conducted to investigate and compare the efficacy of carvedilol with that of other alpha-blockers with a larger sample size and over a longer period of time.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and adverse events of sildenafil monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with its FDA-approved counterpart, tadalafil. Materials and Methods: In this single-arm self-controlled clinical trial, 33 patients were enrolled. All patients underwent a 6-week treatment with sildenafil, followed by a 4-week washout period and finally a 6-week treatment with tadalafil. Patients were examined on each appointment and post-void residual (PVR) urine, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Quality of life index (IPSS-QoL index) were recorded subsequently. Efficacy of each drug regimen was then evaluated by comparing these outcome parameters. Results: Both sildenafil and tadalafil were shown to improve PVR (both p <. 001), IPSS (both p <. 001) and IPSS-QoL index (both p <. 001) significantly. Sildenafil was more effective than tadalafil in reducing PVR (mean difference (95%CI) = 9. 91% (4. 11, 15. 72), p <. 001) and ameliorating IPSS-QoL index (mean difference (95%CI) = 19. 3% (4. 47, 34. 41), p =. 027). Moreover, although not significant, sildenafil reduced IPSS more than tadalafil (mean difference (95%CI) = 3. 33% (-0. 22, 6. 87), p =. 065). Concurrent erectile dysfunction did not affect responsiveness to therapy with either sildenafil or tadalafil but age was inversely related to post-treatment IPSS in both sildenafil (B = 0. 21 (0. 04, 0. 37), p =. 015) and tadalafil (B = 0. 14 (0. 02, 0. 26), p =. 021) regimens with a more prominent role in responsiveness to sildenafil (β = 0. 31) compared to tadalafil (β = 0. 19). Conclusion: Considering the significantly better improvement of PVR and IPSS-Qol index with sildenafil, this drug can be nominated as a suitable alternative for tadalafil as a BPH treatment, especially in younger patients who don’t have any contraindications

Purpose: Thermobalancing therapy, provided by Therapeutic Device, which contains a natural thermoelement, and is applied topically in the projection ofthe prostate, was aimed to improve blood circulation in the affected organ. We evaluated the effectiveness of new Therapeutic Device for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and Methods: We performed a clinical non-randomized controlled trial before and after 6-month treatment. Therapeutic Device was administered to 124 patients with BPH as mono-therapy. The dynamic of the patients’ condition was assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), ultrasound measurement of prostate volume (PV) and uroflowmetry. The control-group comprised 124 men who did not receive any treatment. The IPSS score, maximum flow rate (Qmax), and PV were compared between the groups. Results: Baseline evaluation (pre-treatment) for both groups were comparable to each other with no clinically significant difference regarding age, IPSS score, Qmax and PV volume. Overall, thermobalancing therapy resulted in significant improvements from baseline to endpoint in IPSS (P =. 001), IPSS storage and voiding subscores (both P =. 001), and IPSS quality of life index (QoL) (P =. 001) compared with control group. Moreover, comparison of parameters after 6 months treatment showed that thermobalancing therapy also improved the Qmax (P =. 001), and PV (P =. 001). Conclusion: Two years clinical trial demonstrated that thermobalancing therapy administered for 6 months provides a marked improvement in patients presenting with symptomatic BPH not only on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) but also in QoL and Qmax. Thus urologists should be aware about thermobalancing therapy as a non-invasive physiotherapeutic treatment option for treatment of BPH.