This article is a critical evaluation of The Geography of IQ, written by Garry A. Gelade, and published in the leading journal Intelligence. However, it is initially written to criticize Dr. Richard Lynn (University of Ulster, UK) and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen’s (University of Tampere, Finland) theory of IQ and the wealth of nations. Since the early 21st century, after the publication of two bestselling books, IQ and the wealth of nations and IQ and global inequality, this theory has become widely accepted by rightist or moderate parties and organizations in Europe, North America, and even the Far East. The main idea of this theory is that the inequality between the nations results from the difference between their average intelligence quotients. Although the theory of IQ and the wealth of nations provides political elites of the developing world with an incentive to improve quality of life and human development indices, from the critic’s point of view the statistical data and research method are weak and thin. Neglecting geopolitical insights and analysis, and setting the foundations of the project only upon the geographical distribution of the two measures, IQ and GDP, the theory tries to evaluate economic development throughout the world. This neglect is the reason for some of the mistaken views of Lynn and Vanhanen.

Objective: Previous studies have proved the significant role of cognitive characteristics and personality traits in making judgments and decisions. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of auditors, as a cognitive characteristic, on their audit quality. Methods: In this study, in order to investigate and analyze the hypothesis, the data related to the IQ of 41 Certified Public Accountants (CPA) of the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) were extracted. These accountants were the first signatories of the audit report of 204 companies listed on the body in the fiscal year of 1398 (started on March 21, 2018). To collect the required data about the IQ variable (the questionnaire), the Raven`s Progressive Matrices (RPM) test was used. To assess the other variable, i. e. the quality of the audit, the type of auditors’ reports were used as a benchmark. Logistic Regression was also used to test the study hypothesis. Results: After conducting the statistical analysis and estimating the Logistic Regression, the positive and significant impact of the IQ of the auditors on the quality of the audit was confirmed, regarding the coefficient of the independent variable, i. e. IQ, which stood at 1998/0. Also, the coefficient of determination (R²), which is the same as the McFadden R-squared, stood at 0. 163, proving that 16% of the changes in the dependent variable could be explained by the independent logistic Regression variable. Conclusion: According to the findings o the present study, the auditors’ IQ as a cognitive characteristic and personality trait has a positive effect on their decision-making and judgments throughout the entire audit process. The obtained results suggest that the auditors’ IQ bears a significant and direct relationship with the quality of the audit. It can be concluded that the higher the auditors’ IQ is, the higher the quality of the audit would be, therefore, auditors with higher IQ levels, make better judgments with higher audit quality. Accordingly, IQ as one of the cognitive abilities of auditors has an important role in decision-making during the audit process and in improving the audit quality. This study showed that despite various mechanisms aimed at standardizing audit quality, the auditors’ intellectual ability is still important for the quality of audit services provided to the clients. These findings may be interesting to those who decide on mechanisms to control and regulate the quality of audit services. This study showed that the cognitive characteristics of the auditors, as a unit of analysis, play an effective role in audit quality.

Purpose: To compare AcrySof IQ and Sensar intraocular lens (IOLs) in terms of spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity.Methods: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery were randomly assigned for implantation of AcrySof IQ or Sensar IOLs. Three months postoperatively, bestcorrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical aberration (with 4 and 6 mm pupil diameters) and contrast sensitivity under photopic and mesopic conditions at spatial frequencies of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cycles per degree (cpd) were determined.Results: Patients included 21 male (61.8%) and 13 female (38.2%) subjects. Mean BCVA was 0.083±0.071 logMAR in the IQ group and 0.145±0.097 logMAR in the Sensar group (P=0.079). Spherical aberration with both 4 and 6 mm pupil diameters in the IQ group was less than in the Sensar group (0.183±0.107 mm vs 0.354±0.138mm, P<0.001 and 0.26±0.096mm vs 0.435±0.152mm, p=0.002; respectively). Contrast  sensitivity was higher in the IQ group at 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cpd under photopic conditions and at 1, 10 and 20 cpd under mesopic conditions (P<0.02).Conclusion: AcrySof IQ aspheric IOL seems to have better visual outcomes regarding spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity as compared to spheric Sensar IOL.

Purpose: To compare Tecnis Z9000 and Acrysof IQ aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) regarding spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity.Methods: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery were randomly assigned to implantation of Tecms or IQ IOLs. Three months postoperatively, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical aberration (with 4 and 6 mm pupil diameters) and contrast sensitivity in 'photopic and mesopic conditions at spatial frequencies of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cycles per degree (cpd) were determined.Results: Mean BCVA was 0.083±0.071 logMAR in the IQ group and 0.076±0.080 logMAR in the Tecnis group (P=0.338). Spherical aberration in the Tecnis group was smaller with pupil diameter of 4 mm (0.140±0.097pm vs 0.183±0.107pm, p= 0.609) but greater with pupil diameter of 6 mm (0.303±0.183pm vs 0.26±0.069 pm, P= 0.40) as compared to the IQ group. Contrast sensitivity was higher in the Tecnis group at 1, 2 and 5 cpd under photopic (not significant) and mesopic (P<0.001, P<0.08, P=0.2, respectively) conditions. Conversely, contrast sensitivity was higher in the IQ group at 10 and 20 cpd under photopic and mesopic conditions (not significant).Conclusion: Tecnis or IQ IOLs seem to be comparable in terms of spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity.

Background: The long-term effects of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on the brain development of the fetus are still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal fasting during Ramadan on the intelligence quotient of their progeny.Materials and methods: A historical cohort study conducted on 191 children aged between 4 to 13 years and their mothers. Of these, 98 mothers fasted throughout Ramadan when they were pregnant (case group) and 93 mothers did not fast during pregnancy (control group). The children were selected from 15 schools via a questionnaire filled out by their mothers. Detailed demographic, medical history, and socioeconomic status data were collected by interviewing the mothers. All children aged between 6 to 13 years were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), and those aged between 4 to 6 were administered Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI), and intelligence quotient was estimated.Results: Cases included 47 boys and 51 girls with the. mean (± standard deviation) age of 8.5±2.5 years and controls included 44 boys and 49 girls with the mean age of 8.7±2.5 years. There was no significant difference in sex and age. Among background and confounding variables, caesarian section percentage and breast-feeding duration were significantly different between case and control groups; 29% caesarian section in cases vs. 45% in controls (p<0.05) and 17.7±9 months of breast-feeding for cases vs. 14.5±9 months for controls (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in socioeconomic status of families between the groups whereas socioeconomic status accounted for approximately 17% of the variances in the average of full-scale intelligence quotient scores. Adjusted mean and standard deviation of full-scale intelligence quotient scores, performance and verbal were 111±10,109±11 and 110±11 for the case group and 112±10, 110±11 and 110±11 for the control group respectively. No significant differences were observed between the intelligence quotient scores of the two groups.Conclusion: Maternal fasting during pregnancy did not adversely affect child's intelligence quotients.

Purpose: To compare Acrys of IQ and Akreos AO aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) in terms of spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity.Methods: Thirty-seven eyes of 37 patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery were randomized to implantation of Acrysof IQ or Akreos AO IOLs. Three months postoperatively, bestcorrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical aberration (with 4 and 6 mm pupil diameters) and contrast sensitivity in photopic and mesopic conditions at spatial frequencies of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cycles per degree (cpd) were determined.Result: Mean BCVA was 0.083±0.071 logMAR in the IQ group and 0.115±0.090 logMAR in the AO group (P=0.338). Spherical aberration with both 4 and 6 mm pupil diameters was lower in the IQ group as compared to the AO group (0.183±0.107 pm vs 0.285±0.087 pm, P<0.001 and 0.26±0.096 pm vs 0.329±0.083 pm, P=0.40, respectively). Contrast sensitivity was significantly higher in the IQ group at 1, 2 and 10 cpd under photopic and at 1, 10 and 20 cpd under mesopic conditions as compared to the AO group.Conclusions: The Acrys of IQ seems to have better visual outcomes in terms of spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity as compared to Akreos AO.

Introduction: In this study, the relationship between IQ and learning styles was investigated and for this purpose, educational personalization strategies were evaluated by identifying unknown and ambiguous relationships between the created data. In this research, to find this relationship, one of the data mining methods called exploratory association rules has been used. In this study, by designing the site and implementing it in schools, a large database was created and ambiguous relationships between demographic characteristics such as gender, aptitude and IQ, academic outcomes and interests with learning styles were discovered. Personalization of student learning has been explained. The innovation of this method compared to other methods is its dynamic aspect. By implementing the student data processing system, we can completely monitor students' activities at different times from the beginning of the study to the end. In this study, three modules were selected for the sample and the aim was to prove the use of big data in students' learning.

The effect of IQ imbalance on adaptive MQAM modulation in MIMO systems with direct conversion receivers is investigated in this paper. A continues power, discrete rate adaptive modulation scheme in using MIMO system with perfect channel information in both transmitter and receiver is considered. The selected adaptation mechanism changes the transmit power and transmit constellation size under an average transmit power and instantaneous bit error rate (BER) constraints to obtain the maximum average spectral efficiency. First, a closed from expression for the BER of MQAM modulation under the effect of IQ imbalance is introduce. Then, the impact of IQ imbalance on the BER of adaptive modulation in MIMO system is studied. This effect is also investigated for the different configuration of trancmit-recive antenna. The analytic results are compared with the Mont Carlo simulation results to verify the analytic expression.